The study was conducted on 593 children, 325 salt samples, 60 urinary samples and 30 fresh water samples, using the descriptive epidemiological method. Ca, Na, K, Cl, Cyanide, Fl, Cu, Pb and Iode contents were quantified. The data was processed by statistic method. The results showed that Ca and Fl contents were within acceptable limit. Iode was provided sufficiently. The content of cyanide, an anti-thyroid agent, was higher than acceptable limit
Goiter ; Chemistry ; water ; epidemiology

Child ; China ; epidemiology ; Goiter, Endemic ; epidemiology ; Humans ; Iodine ; deficiency ; Students

Adolescent ; Child ; China ; epidemiology ; Goiter, Endemic ; epidemiology ; Humans ; Iodine ; deficiency ; Rural Population ; Surveys and Questionnaires

China ; epidemiology ; Female ; Goiter ; chemically induced ; epidemiology ; Humans ; Iodine ; administration & dosage ; urine ; Male

OBJECTIVETo study the changes in the constituent ratio of patients received surgical therapy for their thyroid diseases in Peking Union Medical College Hospital from 1986 to 2012.

METHODSThe clinical data of patients received surgical therapy with pathologically confirmed findings from 1986 to 2012 were collected, and a corresponding database was established. The constituent ratios of thyroid diseases and thyroid malignant tumor among different population groups in different years were analyzed.

RESULTSThe number of patients with thyroid diseases admitted to our hospital had significantly increased in the past 27 years, particularly those with nodular goiter or thyroid cancer. The composition ratios of thyroid cancer and nodular goiter increased significantly, and among malignancies the papillary thyroid carcinoma increased obviously. The detection rate of papillary thyroid micro-carcinoma had continuously increased since 2008.

CONCLUSIONThyroid diseases and malignant tumor pathological types had dramatically changed in hospitalized patients in our hospital in the past 27 years.

Adult ; Female ; Goiter, Nodular ; epidemiology ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Retrospective Studies ; Thyroid Diseases ; epidemiology ; surgery ; Thyroid Neoplasms ; epidemiology ; pathology

OBJECTIVEWe aimed to evaluate goiter prevalence and iodine nutritional status in areas with high levels of water iodine; to monitor the prevalence of iodine deficiency disorders (IDD) in areas at high risk of IDD; and to compare the prevalence of goiter and urine iodine (UI) concentrations between children living in the two areas.

METHODSBased on surveillance from 2012-2014, we analyzed the concentration of UI and prevalence of goiter in 8-10-year-old children from 12 high-risk IDD provinces, and from 8 provinces and municipalities with excessive water iodine. We calculated goiter prevalence for each UI level according to World Health Organization (WHO) standards and constructed predictive prevalence curves.

RESULTSThe goiter prevalence and median UI of children from areas with high water iodine were not optimal, being above the WHO standards (5% and 100-199 μg/L, respectively), whereas those in high-risk areas fell within the standard. UI and goiter prevalence exhibited a U-shaped relationship in high-risk endemic areas and a parabolic relationship in areas of iodine excess.

CONCLUSIONIodine surplus in high-iodine areas leads to high goiter prevalence and UI. However, in high-risk areas, UI was optimal and goiter prevalence met the national criteria for IDD elimination.

Child ; China ; epidemiology ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Female ; Goiter ; epidemiology ; Humans ; Iodine ; administration & dosage ; deficiency ; urine ; Male ; Prevalence ; Risk Factors

OBJECTIVETo study the factors leading to the variation of children's total goiter rates, urine iodine and salt iodine in West China.

METHODSDesign effect (DEFF) was used to evaluate the variation of indicators.

RESULTSDEFF of children's total goiter rate was about 3.0 in 9 provinces, and the proportion was 75.0%. The DEFF of urine iodine was 1.0 - 3.5 in 6 provinces, and the proportion was 50.0%. The DEFF of intake rate of qualified iodized salt was over 3.0 in 11 provinces. The DEFF of covering rate of iodized salt was about 3.0 in 4 provinces.

CONCLUSIONIn order to provide scientific basis for IDD surveillance in China, other than bias due to methods of no-sampling, sample size should be further calculated in West China. Thus the main influencing factors of indicator variation could be measured with scientific and reasonable basis.

Child ; China ; epidemiology ; Goiter ; epidemiology ; Humans ; Iodine ; administration & dosage ; urine ; Sample Size ; Sodium Chloride, Dietary ; administration & dosage

Objective: To analyze the iodine nutrition status of children aged 8 to 10 years in Zhejiang Province from 2016 to 2021. Methods: A multi-stage stratified sampling method was used to select non-residential children aged 8 to 10 years from 90 counties in Zhejiang Province. A total of 114 103 children were included in the study from 2016 to 2021. Direct titration method and arsenic-cerium catalytic spectrophotometry were used to detect salt iodine content and urinary iodine level, respectively, to evaluate the iodine nutritional status of children. Ultrasound was used to detect thyroid volume and analyze the current prevalence of goiter in school-age children. Results: The age of 114 103 children was (9.04 ± 0.81) years old, with 50.0% of (57 083) boys. The median of iodine content M (Q₁, Q₃) in children's household salt was 23.00 (19.80, 25.20) mg/kg, including 17 242 non-iodized salt, 6 173 unqualified iodized salt, and 90 688 qualified iodized salt. The coverage rate of iodized salt was 84.89%, and the coverage rate of qualified iodized salt was 79.48%. The proportion of non-iodized salt increased from 11.85% in 2016 to 16.04% in 2021 (χ²_trend=111.427, P<0.001). The median of urinary iodine concentration M (Q₁, Q₃) in children was 182.50 (121.00, 261.00) μg/L, among which the proportions of iodine deficiency, iodine suitability, iodine over suitability, and iodine excess were 17.25% (19 686 cases), 39.21% (44 745 cases), 26.85% (30 638 cases), and 16.68% (19 034 cases), respectively. The median of urinary iodine concentration in children in inland areas [M (Q₁, Q₃): 190.90 (128.80, 269.00) μg/L] was significantly higher than that in children in coastal areas [M (Q₁, Q₃): 173.00 (113.00, 250.30) μg/L] (P<0.001). From 2016 to 2021, a total of 39 134 ultrasound examinations were conducted, and 1 229 cases of thyroid enlargement were detected. The goiter rate was 3.14% (95%CI: 2.97%-3.32%). The incidence of goiter in children in coastal areas [3.45% (95%CI: 3.19%-3.72%), 641/18 604] was higher than that in children in inland areas [2.86% (95%CI: 2.64%-3.10%), 588/20 530] (P=0.001). Conclusion: From 2016 to 2021, the iodine nutrition level of children aged 8-10 years in Zhejiang Province is generally suitable, and the rate of goiter in children meets the limit of iodine deficiency disease elimination standards.
Male ; Child ; Humans ; Nutritional Status ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Iodine ; Goiter/epidemiology* ; Sodium Chloride, Dietary/urine* ; Malnutrition ; China/epidemiology*

Objective: To analyze the iodine nutrition status of children aged 8 to 10 years in Zhejiang Province from 2016 to 2021. Methods: A multi-stage stratified sampling method was used to select non-residential children aged 8 to 10 years from 90 counties in Zhejiang Province. A total of 114 103 children were included in the study from 2016 to 2021. Direct titration method and arsenic-cerium catalytic spectrophotometry were used to detect salt iodine content and urinary iodine level, respectively, to evaluate the iodine nutritional status of children. Ultrasound was used to detect thyroid volume and analyze the current prevalence of goiter in school-age children. Results: The age of 114 103 children was (9.04 ± 0.81) years old, with 50.0% of (57 083) boys. The median of iodine content M (Q₁, Q₃) in children's household salt was 23.00 (19.80, 25.20) mg/kg, including 17 242 non-iodized salt, 6 173 unqualified iodized salt, and 90 688 qualified iodized salt. The coverage rate of iodized salt was 84.89%, and the coverage rate of qualified iodized salt was 79.48%. The proportion of non-iodized salt increased from 11.85% in 2016 to 16.04% in 2021 (χ²_trend=111.427, P<0.001). The median of urinary iodine concentration M (Q₁, Q₃) in children was 182.50 (121.00, 261.00) μg/L, among which the proportions of iodine deficiency, iodine suitability, iodine over suitability, and iodine excess were 17.25% (19 686 cases), 39.21% (44 745 cases), 26.85% (30 638 cases), and 16.68% (19 034 cases), respectively. The median of urinary iodine concentration in children in inland areas [M (Q₁, Q₃): 190.90 (128.80, 269.00) μg/L] was significantly higher than that in children in coastal areas [M (Q₁, Q₃): 173.00 (113.00, 250.30) μg/L] (P<0.001). From 2016 to 2021, a total of 39 134 ultrasound examinations were conducted, and 1 229 cases of thyroid enlargement were detected. The goiter rate was 3.14% (95%CI: 2.97%-3.32%). The incidence of goiter in children in coastal areas [3.45% (95%CI: 3.19%-3.72%), 641/18 604] was higher than that in children in inland areas [2.86% (95%CI: 2.64%-3.10%), 588/20 530] (P=0.001). Conclusion: From 2016 to 2021, the iodine nutrition level of children aged 8-10 years in Zhejiang Province is generally suitable, and the rate of goiter in children meets the limit of iodine deficiency disease elimination standards.
Male ; Child ; Humans ; Nutritional Status ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Iodine ; Goiter/epidemiology* ; Sodium Chloride, Dietary/urine* ; Malnutrition ; China/epidemiology*

OBJECTIVETo reveal the relationship between iodine nutrition and the change of spectrum on thyroid diseases through comparing the different iodine environments pre- and post- the universal salt iodization(USI)campaign.

METHODSTo compare the urinary iodine concentration between 1000 normal people and 5998 patients with thyroid disease who had undergone surgical operations, from 4 major cities, including iodine deficient and rich areas of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region.

RESULTSAfter USI was put into practice, the urinary iodine concentration of patients with thyroid appeared higher than those of normal people(324.3 µg/L vs. 238.5 µg/L, P < 0.05). The urinary iodine concentrations of nodular goiter,Graves disease, toxic nodular goiter, thyroid papillary carcinoma and Hashimoto's thyroiditis were higher than those before the USI was taken(263.8 µg/L vs. 69.75 µg/L, 289.7 µg/L vs. 228.3 µg/L, 346.8 µg/L vs. 268.4 µg/L, 350.3 µg/L vs. 316.2 µg/L and 378.5 µg/L vs. 305.8 µg/L). The proportions of toxic nodular goiter, thyroid papillary carcinoma and Hashimoto's thyroiditis appeared as 7.59% vs. 4.80%, 5.85% vs. 4.02% and 3.88% vs. 2.46%, all higher than those before the implementation of USI, except the nodular goiter which showed a reduction (63.56% vs. 69.75%).

CONCLUSIONThe spectrum of thyroid diseases appeared an obvious change in Guangxi within the last 10-year implementation of USI. However, the excessive intake of iodine might serve as a risk factor for toxic nodular goiter, thyroid papillary carcinoma and Hashimoto's thyroiditis.

Case-Control Studies ; China ; epidemiology ; Goiter, Endemic ; epidemiology ; Hashimoto Disease ; epidemiology ; Humans ; Iodides ; urine ; Iodine ; adverse effects ; Sodium Chloride, Dietary ; adverse effects ; Thyroid Diseases ; epidemiology