To study the basic pathological changes of small intestine in metagonimiasis, light- and electron microscopic studies were made, using a total of 21 cats which were experimentally infected with metacercariae of Metagonimus yokogawai. The metacercariae were obtained from naturally infected sweetfish (Plecoglossus altivelis) by digestion technique. The cats were divided in control, light-infection(10,000 metacercariae infected) and heavy-infection(50,000 metacercariae infected) groups. Cats were killed at the 5th, 10th, 15th day, and 4th, 8th and 10th week after the infection. And the small intestine was prepared for the study. Pathological studies comprised gross examination, worm distribution pattern, light microscopic examination and both transmission and scanning electron microscopic examinations. The results obtained were summarized as follows. Gross morphologic changes were the most marked during the first 2 weeks after infection. The gross abnormalities were severer in the heavily infected animals. The changes were dryness and listlessness of serosal surface due to dehydration, mushy and/or watery intestinal content, effacement of transverse nodes and enlargement of mesenteric lymph folds and Peyer's patches. After 4 weeks of infection, these changes became less marked showing a tendency to return to normal. The sectioned flukes were distributed from duodenum to proximal ileum. However, individual variation was marked in distribution. In the heavy-infection group, the locality of parasitism tended to extend more distally. The locality of M. yokogawai in the intervillous space was mostly in the lower-most portion of intervillous space, where they compressed and eroded epithelial cells probably due to mechanical damage to the structure. Very rarely the worms were found in lumen of Lierberkuehn's crypt, and reaching, in two occasions, into proprial lymphoid tissue. Light-microscopically the lesion was restricted in mucosa: Early mucosal changes were shortening, blunting, fusion, and thickening of the villi, crypt hypertrophy with consequent decrease of villus/crypt ratio, as well as stromal changes of edema, capilliary ectasia and marked inflammatory cell infiltration of lymphocytes and plasma cells. Goblet cells were markedly reduced in number as with depletion of its cytoplasmic content. In the later stages of infection, mucosa restored its normal configuration in spite of persistent parasitism of the worms. At the infection stage of 5-15 days, there was significant shortening of the microvillous height with varible destruction of glycocalyx in electron microscopic examination. With lapse of infection time, microvilli became to restore the normal pattern. With these morphological changes, it appears that diarrhea in experimental metagonimiasis would be related to the decrease of absorptive surface of the small intestine particularly in the early phase of infection. The significant changes seen in villi and microvilli might be due to massive intrusion or invasion of Metagonimus worms into the crypts, causing direct mechanical and possible host-immune response to the small bowel mucosa.
parasitology-helminth-trematoda ; metagonimiasis ; Metagonimus yokogawai ; pathology ; cat-intestine ; edema ; lymphocytes ; plasma cells ; goblet cell

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Chronic sinusitis has been closely related to bronchial asthma. Patients with both sinusitis and asthma have showed somewhat different mucosal appearance and pathology, compared to those without asthma. We investigated histopathological features of these patients. SUBJECTS AND METHOD: 19 sinusitis patients with asthma who had undergone endoscopic sinus surgery from April, 1995 through September, 1997, and 53 patients without asthma who had undergone surgery from January, 1997 through July, 1997 were evaluated. We compared the following 7 parameters of sinus mucosal histopathology between the asthma and non-asthma group by reviewing histopathological slides: basement membrane thickening, goblet cell hyperplasia, subepithelial edema, submucous gland formation, eosinophilic infiltration, lymphocyte infiltration, polymorphonuclear leukocyte infiltration. We also compared preoperative disease extent, evaluated by degree of polyposis and OMC CT findings, and presence of allergy, which might affect the sinus mucosal pathology. RESULTS: There revealed no statistical difference between two groups on presence of allergy, preoperative polyposis, and OMC CT scores. However, the asthma group showed significant basement membrane thickening, goblet cell hyperplasia, and eosinophilic infiltration, which was statistically significant. No difference was found between subepithelial edema, submucous gland formation, lymphocyte infiltration, and polymorphonuclear leukocyte infiltration. CONCLUSION: Significant histopathological features such as basement membrane thickening, goblet cell hyperplasia, and eosinophil infiltration characterized chronic sinusitis with asthma; however, there were no differences owing to the presence of allergy or the extent of preoperative disease. Adequate preoperative management, close attention during surgery and careful follow-up would be necessary.
Asthma* ; Basement Membrane ; Edema ; Eosinophils ; Goblet Cells ; Humans ; Hyperplasia ; Hypersensitivity ; Lymphocytes ; Neutrophils ; Pathology ; Sinusitis*

OBJECTIVETo explore the feature of nasal mucosa remodeling in experimental allergic rhinitis.

METHODSTwenty-four male Hartley guinea pigs (4 weeks, 250 -300 g) were randomly divided into four groups (control group and allergen exposure groups 1 - 3), each group had 6 guinea pigs. Allergen exposure animals were sensitized by intraperitoneal (ip) injection of ovalbumin (OVA). Sensitized guinea pigs were subjected to either brief or prolonged exposure to allergen. Both brief exposure group (allergen exposure groups) and prolonged exposure group (allergen exposure group 2 and 3) received a daily intranasal challenge with 5% OVA in 0.9% saline from Day 22 to Day 28, the prolonged exposure group (allergen exposure group 2 and 3) followed by twice weekly exposure to 5% OVA intranasal for an additional 8 and 12 weeks respectively. Control animals were given saline only. At 24 h after the last intranasal challenge, the guinea pigs were killed and the heads of the animals were removed and fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin for 24 hours, then decalcified in 5% trichloroacetic acid for 10 days. The tissue blocks were embedded in paraffin. The paraffin sections 3 microm thick were stained with hematoxylin and eosin (HE), alcian blue (pH, 2. 6)-periodic acid-Schiff (AB-PAS), and Masson's Trichrome (MT). The infiltrating eosinophils in nasal mucosa were examined, AB-PAS-positive cells in the surface epithelium in nasal septal mucosa were counted. The percentage area of MT stained extracellular matrix in septal mucosa and conchae and damage of epithelium were determined by an image analyzer.

RESULTSThe control group only presented a few eosinophils. Significant eosinophil infiltration was observed in the sensitized groups. Compared with control group (intact epithelium 87.7% +/- 11.1%), there was no significant epithelial damage in 1 week exposure group. Significant epithelial damage were observed in 8 and 12 weeks groups (intact epithelium 36.7% +/- 16.9%, 37.9% +/- 12.9%, respectively). An increase in AB-PAS-positive cells was observed in the mucosa of nasal septum in the prolonged allergen exposure groups, but not in the brief allergic inflammation group in comparison with the control. The brief OVA exposure group did not show increased collagen fibrils within the mucosa of nasal septum and conchae. In contrast, after prolonged OVA exposure an increase in matrix was observed. Furthermore, in both the nasal septum and conchae, significant increasing of ECM deposition was found in a further prolonged exposure for 12 weeks compared to 8 weeks.

CONCLUSIONSEpithelial damage, goblet cells hyperplasia and extracellular matrix deposition were observed as the features of remodeling in this guinea pig model of allergic rhinitis.

Animals ; Disease Models, Animal ; Eosinophils ; immunology ; Epithelial Cells ; pathology ; Extracellular Matrix ; pathology ; Goblet Cells ; pathology ; Guinea Pigs ; Male ; Mice ; Nasal Mucosa ; cytology ; pathology ; Rhinitis, Allergic, Perennial ; immunology ; pathology

OBJECTIVE: To determine the inflammatory cells in the mucosa at the medial aspect of the normal uncinate process compared with that on the protected lateral aspect of the normal uncinate process. METHOD: The mucosa of 20 uncinate process from the nasal cavity of 17 patients with no evidence of sinus disease undergoing functional endoscopic sinus surgery were recruited for the study. The material was stained with HE, Chromotrope 2R, Alcian blue-periodic acid-schiff, Toluidine blue. Specimens were observed using an Olympus microscope. RESULT: The number of mast cells and goblet cells were found to be higher on the lateral aspect of the normal uncinate process than on the medial aspect. The number of plasma cells was obviously different from that of lymphocytes. We did not found any eosinophils on either sides of uncinate process. CONCLUSION There are differences in the number of mast cells and goblet cells between the mucosa at the medial aspect of the normal uncinate process and the mucosa at the protected lateral aspect of the normal uncinate process.
Adolescent ; Adult ; Ethmoid Sinus ; pathology ; Female ; Goblet Cells ; cytology ; pathology ; Humans ; Male ; Mast Cells ; cytology ; pathology ; Middle Aged ; Nasal Mucosa ; pathology ; Paranasal Sinuses ; pathology ; Young Adult

This study was performed to investigate the changes of tear film and ocular surface in diabetic patients, as well as the ocular and systemic factors related to these changes. We assessed the scoring of keratoepitheliopathy, corneal sensitivity test, tear film break-up time (BUT), Schirmer test, and conjunctival impression cytology in 94 eyes of 47 patients with noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and in 60 eyes of 30 normal subjects. The degree of keratoepitheliopathy was severe, and the corneal sensitivity, BUT, and tear secretion were significantly reduced in the diabetic patients. Conjunctival impression cytology showed a higher grade of conjunctival squamous metaplasia and lower goblet cell density in the diabetic patients. All parameters were related to the status of metabolic control, diabetic neuropathy, and stage of diabetic retinopathy. We think that diabetic patients with poor metabolic control, neuropathy, and advanced stage of retinopathy should be examined for tear film and ocular surface changes.
Adult ; Aged ; Comparative Study ; Corneal Diseases/etiology/*metabolism ; Diabetes Complications/*metabolism/pathology ; Epithelium, Corneal/*metabolism/pathology ; Female ; Goblet Cells/pathology ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Risk Factors ; Tears/*metabolism

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the pathogenesis of nasal vestibular cyst. METHOD: Forty two case of nasal vestibular cyst were retrospectively analyzed, including clinical manifestation, pathological findings, surgical therapy efficacy. RESULT: Of these 42 cases of the type of lining epithelia, pseudostratified columnar epithelium was identified in 24 cases, stratified squamous epithelium in five cases, simple cuboidal epithelium in five cases, and two kinds of above mentioned epithelia in eight cases. Goblet cells were present in 23 cases. Surgical excision was performed via the labiogingival groove approach for all patients. The duration of follow-up ranged from 6 months to 10 years. No postoperative recurrences were found. CONCLUSION The abnormal development of nasolacrimal duct systems may take an important role in the pathogenesis of nasal vestibular cyst. According to this, we considered the total excision via the sublabial approach is more reasonable surgery than endoscopic marsupialization, but it is need further observation.
Adult ; Aged ; Cysts ; etiology ; pathology ; Endoscopy ; Female ; Goblet Cells ; cytology ; Humans ; Middle Aged ; Nose Diseases ; etiology ; pathology ; Retrospective Studies ; Vestibular Diseases ; etiology ; pathology

Objective: To investigate the clinical features, morphological characteristics, immunophenotype, and differential diagnosis of goblet cell adenocarcinoma (GCA) in the digestive system. Methods: The clinicopathological data, morphological characteristics, immunophenotypes of 22 cases of GCA in the digestive system diagnosed from January 2010 to January 2021 were collected. Meanwhile, 25 cases of neuroendocrine neoplasm (NEN) and 24 cases of adenocarcinoma were used as controls. Relevant literature was also reviewed. Results: There were 16 males and 6 females, aged from 36 to 79 years with an average of 56 years. The anatomical sites of the 22 GCA were mostly appendix (17 cases) and occasionally extra-appendix (5 cases), including 3 cases in stomach, 1 case in duodenum and 1 case in anal. All 17 cases of appendiceal GCA were pure GCA. Among the 5 cases of extra-appendiceal GCA, One case of gastric GCA was pure, two cases of gastric GCA with NEN or adenocarcinoma, duodenal GCA with NEN and adenocarcinoma, anal GCA with NEN.Low-grade GCAs were composed of goblet, Paneth and neuroendocrine cells, which were arranged in intestinal crypt tubular or cluster structures and distributed in the wall of digestive system. The tubular and cluster structures lacked adhesion. Goblet cells were columnar, located in the base, with clear cytoplasm, small nuclei, inconspicuous atypia, and uncommon mitoses. Extracellular mucus and signet-ring cells with nuclear variations could be seen in some cases. Nerve fiber bundle invasion and tumor thrombus in vessels were often present. High-grade GCAs lacked tubular and cluster structures, and their histological structures were more complex. Tumor cells expressed mixed neuroendocrine and glandular epithelial markers. Similar to the expression patterns of synaptophysin and chromogranin A, CD200 and INSM1 were also dot-like or patch-positive in GCA. Conclusions: GCA is an infrequent tumor of the digestive system and shows the bi-directional differentiation characteristics of neuroendocrine and glandular epithelium. Accurate diagnosis and staging are related to its prognosis.
Adenocarcinoma/pathology* ; Appendiceal Neoplasms/surgery* ; Carcinoid Tumor/surgery* ; Chromogranin A ; Female ; Goblet Cells/pathology* ; Humans ; Male ; Neuroendocrine Tumors/pathology* ; Repressor Proteins ; Synaptophysin

This study was performed to evaluate the changes of tear film and ocular surface caused by smoking. Symptom scoring, tear film break-up time (BUT), basal tear secretion test, corneal sensitivity test, keratoepitheliopathy scoring, and conjunctival impression cytology were performed in 29 smokers (58 eyes) and 26 non-smokers (52 eyes). Tear film BUT, basal tear secretion, corneal sensitivity, and squamous metaplasia were 7.71 +/- 2.66 sec, 6.29 +/- 2.85 mm, 53.69 +/- 5.69 mm, and 2.45 +/- 1.26 in smokers and 9.62 +/- 3.14 sec, 10.04 +/- 3.87 mm, 56.46 +/- 4.79 mm, and 1.12 +/- 0.83 in non-smokers, respectively (p< 0.05). Symptom score, keratoepitheliopathy score, and goblet cell density were not significantly different between the two groups. Tear film BUT was shorter, basal tear secretion and corneal sensitivity were lower, and squamous metaplasia was higher in heavy smokers than in light smokers. In conclusion, smoking deteriorates the tear film and ocular surface with decreased quantity and quality of tear film, decreased corneal sensitivity, and squamous metaplasia, and this deterioration is related to the amount of smoking.
Adult ; Aged ; Cell Count ; Conjunctiva/*metabolism/pathology ; Cornea/*metabolism/pathology ; Epithelial Cells/pathology ; Goblet Cells/metabolism/pathology ; Humans ; Lacrimal Apparatus/*metabolism/physiopathology ; Male ; Metaplasia ; Middle Aged ; Smoking/*metabolism/physiopathology ; Tears/chemistry/*secretion

OBJECTIVETo investigate the changes of the goblet cells in the intestine during the restitution process of the gut barrier after hemorrhagic shock.

METHODSForty-nine Sprague-Dawley rats with body weight of 250-300 g were divided into control group (n=7) and experimental group (n=42). Rats in the experimental group was further divided into 6 groups (n=7 each) according to different time point at 1, 3, 6, 12, 24, and 36 hours after hemorrhagic shock resuscitation. The specimens from ileum tissue were taken to observe the morphological chan ges of the intestinal mucosa. The number of goblet cells was determined by light microscope and/or electron microscope. The contents of trefoil factor family 3 (TFF3) of goblet cells were examined using GC-9A gas chromatographic instrument.

RESULTSAfter hemorrhagic shock, mucosal epithelial injury was obvious in the small intestine. Tissue restitution was found after 3 hours, and mostly established after 12 hours. Following tissue restitution,the denuded mucosal surface was covered intensively by goblet cells. The number of goblet cells on the intestinal mucosa was reduced significantly from 243+/- 13 at 1 h to 157+/- 9 at 24 h (r=- 0.910, P< 0.01), and returned to normal level at 36 h. In the experimental group, the content of TFF3 in the intestinal mucosa increased significantly at 12 hours, decreased, but was still higher at 24 hours (t=3.24, P< 0.05).

CONCLUSIONSThe goblet cells play a key role in the restitution of intestinal mucosa. High expression of TFF3 may facilitate the intestinal mucosal restitution in the early phase.

Animals ; Goblet Cells ; metabolism ; Ileum ; cytology ; Intestinal Mucosa ; cytology ; metabolism ; pathology ; Neuropeptides ; metabolism ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Shock, Hemorrhagic ; metabolism ; Trefoil Factor-3

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the ultrastructural changes of the mucosa of eustachian tube in mice and to reveals the influence of eustachian tube on middle ear function and its relavence with otitis media. METHOD: 12 wild type and 12 mutant mice were divided into two groups by age to observe the the ultrastructural changes of the mucosa of eustachian tube. RESULT: Wild type mice exhibited a thick lawn of morphologically normal, distributed cilia in the mucosa of the middle ear at both time points. The cilia of mucosa of middle ear in mutant mice were short, impaired and disrupted. The impairment of the cilia progressed to a much great severity at 6 months compared to 3 months. CONCLUSION Otitis media occurs not only the ciliated cells decreased and the goblet cells increased. More importantly, the ciliary structure was damaged, leading to the dysfunction of the mucociliary transport system and causing otitis media.
Animals ; Cilia ; pathology ; ultrastructure ; Disease Models, Animal ; Ear, Middle ; pathology ; Eustachian Tube ; pathology ; ultrastructure ; Goblet Cells ; Mice ; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning ; Mucociliary Clearance ; Mucous Membrane ; pathology ; ultrastructure ; Otitis Media ; pathology