Glycomics ; Liver Cirrhosis ; diagnosis ; metabolism

Glycotechnology is a new branch of biotechnology, emerged early 1990's. In this article, the international background of glycotechnology is briefly introduced and history of glycotechnology in China is reviewed.
Biotechnology ; China ; Glycomics ; history ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century

The term "omics" refers to any type of specific study that provides collective information on a biological system. Representative omics includes genomics, proteomics, and metabolomics, and new omics is constantly being added, such as lipidomics or glycomics. Each omics technique is crucial to the understanding of various biological systems and complements the information provided by the other approaches. The main strengths of metabolomics are that metabolites are closely related to the phenotypes of living organisms and provide information on biochemical activities by reflecting the substrates and products of cellular metabolism. The transcriptome does not always correlate with the proteome, and the translated proteome might not be functionally active. Therefore, their changes do not always result in phenotypic alterations. Unlike the genome or proteome, the metabolome is often called the molecular phenotype of living organisms and is easily translated into biological conditions and disease states. Here, we review the general strategies of mass spectrometry-based metabolomics. Targeted metabolome or lipidome analysis is discussed, as well as nontargeted approaches, with a brief explanation of the advantages and disadvantages of each platform. Biomedical applications that use mass spectrometry-based metabolomics are briefly introduced.
Complement System Proteins ; Genome ; Genomics ; Glycomics ; Mass Spectrometry ; Metabolism ; Metabolome ; Metabolomics* ; Phenotype ; Proteome ; Proteomics ; Transcriptome

Carcinoma, Hepatocellular ; blood ; complications ; virology ; Glycomics ; Hepatitis B virus ; Hepatitis B, Chronic ; blood ; Humans ; Liver Cirrhosis ; blood ; complications ; virology ; Liver Neoplasms ; blood ; complications ; virology ; Neoplasm Staging

Selectins, carbohydrate-binding molecules, bind to fucosylated and sialylated glycoprotein ligands, and are found on endothelial cells, leukocytes and platelets. They can be classified into E-, L- and P-selectins, and are involved in trafficking of cells of the innate immune system, T lymphocytes and platelets via binding with specific ligands. An absence of selectins or selectin ligands has serious consequences in mice or humans, leading to recurrent bacterial infections and persistent disease. Selectins are involved in constitutive lymphocyte homing and chronic and acute inflammation processes, including post-ischemic inflammation in muscle, kidney, heart, skin inflammation, atherosclerosis, glomerulonephritis and lupus erythematosus. Selectin-neutralizing monoclonal antibodies, recombinant soluble P-selectin glycoprotein ligand 1 and small-molecule inhibitors of selectins have been tested in clinical trials on patients with multiple trauma, cardiac indications and pediatric asthma, respectively. Anti-selectin antibodies have also been successfully used in preclinical models to deliver imaging contrast agents and therapeutics to sites of inflammation. The contributions of selectins and selectin ligands to signalling deserve further study, which will allow a much more detailed analysis of the contributions of selectins in models of inflammation, haemostasis, haematopoiesis, wound healing, atherogenesis, and tumor metastasis.
Animals ; Antibodies ; Antibodies, Monoclonal ; Asthma ; Atherosclerosis ; Bacterial Infections ; Contrast Media ; Endothelial Cells ; Glomerulonephritis ; Glycomics* ; Glycoproteins ; Heart ; Hematopoiesis ; Humans ; Immune System ; Inflammation ; Kidney ; Leukocytes ; Ligands ; Lymphocytes ; Mice ; Multiple Trauma ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; P-Selectin ; Selectins ; Skin ; T-Lymphocytes ; Wound Healing