The accuracy-based lipid (ABL) proficiency testing (PT) program was started in 2016 by the Korean External Quality Assessment Service to minimize the matrix effect. We analyzed 3 years of the program. We made or purchased six kinds of commutable frozen sera based on the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute 37A guideline and distributed it in two rounds per year from 2016 to 2018. We obtained reference values for levels of total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDLC), total glycerides, and triglycerides in each fresh frozen pool at the reference-measurement laboratories. We evaluated the average percent bias of the participating laboratories based on the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) bias limit. The number of participating laboratories evaluating TC, HDLC, LDLC, total glycerides, and triglycerides increased from 164 to 223, 163 to 223, 158 to 214, 98 to 139, and 61 to 82, respectively. The average percent bias of all participating laboratories for TC, HDLC, LDLC, total glycerides, and triglycerides was +0.14%, −0.54%, +2.9%, −1.08%, and −1.32%, respectively. The average percent bias exceeded the NCEP bias limit only once or twice for TC, HDLC, and total glycerides but frequently for LDLC (eight out of 18 pools). The manufacturer-specific bias estimation report seemed useful for traceability. Although the average percent bias of participating laboratories for TC, HDLC, LDLC, total glycerides, and triglycerides was mostly within the bias limit provided by NCEP, cases of bias limit exceeding the NCEP bias limit occurred occasionally, especially for LDLC during the 3 years of the ABL PT program in Korea, suggesting that ABL PT can be used to keep maintaining traceability.
Bias (Epidemiology) ; Cholesterol ; Education ; Glycerides ; Korea ; Laboratory Proficiency Testing ; Lipoproteins ; Reference Values ; Triglycerides

Enzymatic synthesis of monoglycerides by glycerolysis of oil and fats in microaqueous solvent-free media was investigated by using lipase from pseudomonus fluorescens (PFL). Initial eutectic point(IEP) was substituted for melt point of oil and fats in Critical Temperature Theory. By investigating the glycerolysis under different IEP, it is showed that there is a relationship between composition of the oils and the yield of monoglycerides: Y = -0.0006 X3 + 0.0592 X2 - 0.8909 X + 26.753(13% < X < 76.5%), here X is the contents(W/W) of saturated fatty acid residue (C16 + C18) in the oils, Y is the yield of monoglycerides at 40 degrees C. The optimum isothermal reaction conditions for a system which IEP is 40 degrees C are: 40 degrees C, 3%-4.5% (W/W) water in glycerol, dosage of lipase is 500 u/g oil when the mole ratio of glycerol to oil is 2.5:1. The highest yield of monoglycerides is 81.4% in 48 h by means of programming temperature reaction.
Glycerides ; metabolism ; Glycerol ; metabolism ; Kinetics ; Lipase ; metabolism ; Palm Oil ; Plant Oils ; metabolism ; Pseudomonas fluorescens ; enzymology ; Substrate Specificity ; Temperature

Development of a therapy providing protection from, or reversing gentamicin-sulfate (GS)-induced oxidative stress and nephrotoxicity would be of great clinical significance. The present study was designed to investigate the protective effects of Houttuynia cordata Thunb. (HC) against gentamicin sulfate-induced renal damage in rats. Twenty-eight Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 4 equal groups as follows: group 1, control; group 2, GS 100 mg/kg/d, intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection; group 3, GS 100 mg/kg/d, i.p. + HC 500 mg/kg/d, oral; and group 4, GS 100 mg/kg/d i.p. + HC 1000 mg/kg/d, oral administration). Treatments were administered once daily for 12 d. After 12 d, biochemical and histopathological analyses were conducted to evaluate oxidative stress and renal nephrotoxicity. Serum levels of creatinine, malondialdehyde (MDA), and blood urea nitrogen (BUN), together with renal levels of MDA, glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT) were quantified to evaluate antioxidant activity. Animals treated with GS alone showed a significant increase in serum levels of creatinine, BUN, and MDA, with decreased renal levels of GSH, SOD, and CAT. Treatment of rats with HC showed significant improvement in renal function, presumably as a result of decreased biochemical indices and oxidative stress parameters associated with GS-induced nephrotoxicity. Histopathological examination of the rat kidneys confirmed these observations. Therefore, the novel natural antioxidant HC may protect against GS-induced nephrotoxicity and oxidative stress in rats.
Animals ; Blood Urea Nitrogen ; Catalase ; Cats ; Creatinine ; Drug Combinations ; Gentamicins ; Glutathione ; Glycerides ; Houttuynia ; Kidney ; Malondialdehyde ; Monoterpenes ; Oxidative Stress ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Superoxide Dismutase

The present study was undertaken to observe the quality and quantity of lipid constituents by the developing Ascaris suum eggs. The collected eggs from the uterus of A. suum were classified into 3 groups, i.e., single cell stage, morula stage and embryonated eggs, and were subjected to analyse their lipid fractions. To obtain the morula stage eggs, 10 to 11 incubation days at 30 degree C were needed and for the embryonated eggs, 30 to 31 days were lasted. At the time of experiment, their indices of development by Hoffman were 285(morula stage) and 42 (embryonated stage) respectively. Lipid extraction was done by the methods of Folch et a1. (1957) and Kenny (1952), and then the extracted lipid fractions from the above 3 groups of eggs were separated by thin layer chromatography. Those fractions were also subjected to perform the quantitative analyses of fatty acids, glycerides, cholesterol and phospholipids. The results obtained were summarized as follows. Total amount of fatty acid was decreased from 12.9 mg per gram of eggs (single cell stage) to 6.6 mg/gm (embryonated eggs), whereas the proportion of free fatty acid to total fatty acid was constantly increased from 77.5 percent to 89.4 percent during the period of egg development. Total amount of glycerides was also increased from 33.0 mg/gm of single cell stage to 55.9 mg/gm of the embryonated eggs. The most abundant glyceride among 3 glycerides discovered from A. suum eggs was triglyceride, and the least was monoglyceride. The amount of free cholesterol was much larger than that of ester form in general, and it reached maximum in the eggs of morula stage (4.6 mg/gm). The increase of total cholesterol was monitored during the development of A. suum eggs from 3.3 mg/gm to 5.4 mg/gm. The following 8 phospholipids were detected in the embryonated eggs, i.e., lysophosphatidyl choline, phosphatidyl inositol, sphingomyelin, phosphatidyl choline, phosphatidyl glycerol, phosphatidyl serine, phosphatidyl ethanolamine and unknown phospholipid. But in the single cell stage eggs, 4 kinds out of the above 8 phopholipids were not observed, and in the morula stage eggs, 2 kinds were absent among the 8 phospholipids.
parasitology-helminth-nematoda ; Ascaris suum ; ovum ; lipid ; fatty acid ; glycerides ; triglyceride ; monoglyceride ; cholesterol ; lysophosphatidyl choline ; phosphatidyl inositol ; sphingomyelin ; phosphatidyl choline ; phosphatidyl glycerol ; phosphatidyl serine ; phosphatidyl ethanolamine ; phopholipids ; biochemistry

A new dynamic in vitro intestinal absorption model for screening and evaluating lipid formulations was established by means of the characteristics of the intestinal digestion and absorption of the lipid formulations. This model was composed of two systems, including intestinal digestion and the intestinal tissue culture, which drew the evaluation method of intestinal absorption into the in vitro lipolysis model. The influence of several important model parameters such as Ca2+, D-glucose, K+ on the two systems of this model has been investigated. The results showed that increasing of Ca2+ concentration could be significantly conductive to intestinal digestion. The increasing of D-glucose concentration could stepped significantly down the decay of the intestinal activity. K+ was able to maintain intestinal activity, but the influence of different concentration levels on the decay of the intestinal activity was of no significant difference. Thus the model parameters were set up as follows: Ca2+ for 10 mmol x L(-1), D-glucose for 15 mmol x L(-1) and K+ for 5.5 mmol x L(-1). Type I lipid formulation was evaluated with this model, and there was a significant correlation between the absorption curve in vitro and absorption curve in vivo of rats (r = 0.995 6, P < 0.01). These results demonstrated that this model can be an attractive and great potential method for the screening, evaluating and predicting of the lipid formulations.
Animals ; Calcium ; metabolism ; Caprylates ; chemistry ; Digestion ; Glucose ; metabolism ; Glycerides ; chemistry ; Indomethacin ; chemistry ; Intestinal Absorption ; Lipids ; chemistry ; Lipolysis ; Models, Biological ; Potassium ; metabolism ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley

The distribution fate and solubilization behavior of indomethacin through the intestinal tract were investigated with in vitro lipolysis model, by comparing the Capmul MCM and Labrafil M 1944 CS type I lipid formulations. The results showed that the more favorable solubilization was in the aqueous digestion phase from each lipid formulations for indomethacin. The lipolysis rate and extent were decided with chemical constitution of the lipid excipients, which meant that less indomethacin was transferred from the long chain polar oil lipid solution into the aqueous digestion phase. Increasing the concentration of indomethacin in the lipid formualitons from a solution to a suspension led to a linear increase in the concentration of indomethacin attained in the aqueous digestion phase from lipid formulations. This study also implied that adverse effects of the lipolysis rate and extent on drug absorption were could be taken into consideration when screening lipid formulations. Lipid suspensions likely had better enhancement of drug absorption. Last, this study demonstrated that a potential basis for optimizing and assessing type I lipid formulations and also researching in vivo-in vitro correlations of lipid formulations were provided by an in vitro lipolysis model.
Caprylates ; chemistry ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; methods ; Digestion ; Excipients ; Glycerides ; chemistry ; Indomethacin ; administration & dosage ; pharmacokinetics ; Lipolysis ; Models, Biological ; Polyethylene Glycols ; chemistry ; Solubility ; Suspensions

AIMTo establish an efficient method for preparation of solid lipid nanoparticles with high recovery.

METHODSMonostearin solid lipid nanoparticles was prepared by solvent diffusion method in aqueous system. The recovery of the method was greatly improved by adjusting the Zeta potential.

RESULTSThe drug-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles suspension was quickly produced and easily separated with centrifugation at 4,000 r.min-1 under acidic condition. Compared with the nanoparticles made without adjusting the Zeta potential, the recovery of nanoparticles prepared in this way was significantly increased. The release behavior in vitro showed an initial burst effect in the first 3 hours followed by a slower rate stage of 4 days with nearly 6% drug released in each day.

CONCLUSIONThe solvent diffusion method in aqueous system might be used as a new method to prepare solid lipid nanoparticles in the future. The loaded drug can be released in a controlled manner.

Clobetasol ; administration & dosage ; analogs & derivatives ; Delayed-Action Preparations ; chemistry ; Diffusion ; Drug Carriers ; Drug Delivery Systems ; Glycerides ; chemistry ; Nanotechnology ; Particle Size ; Solvents ; Technology, Pharmaceutical ; methods

This study is to report the evaluation of the micromeritic properties of LubriTose AN, which is expected to provide preliminary theoretical basis for the direct compression technology. From the aspects of flowability, compressibility and dilution potential, the angle of repose, flow velocity, the Carr' index, tensile strength, elastic recovery, yield pressure and the lubricating ability of LubriTose AN were determined. Also, model drugs were selected to investigate the dilute potential under the desirable compressing performance. Compared to the physical mixtures, the flowability of LubriTose AN was better, and the deformation mechanism was the same with anhydrous lactose, both brittle deformation. The compressibility and compaction of LubriTose AN was slightly better than that of physical mixtures under low and moderate pressure. The dilution potential of LubriTose AN were high for most of hydrophobic drugs. The lubricate ability was desirable under different rotational speeds. LubriTose AN is an excellent co-processed excipient, which is helpful for the promotion and improvement of the tablet manufacturing level.
Drug Compounding ; Elasticity ; Excipients ; chemistry ; Glycerides ; chemistry ; Ibuprofen ; administration & dosage ; chemistry ; Lactose ; chemistry ; Lubricants ; chemistry ; Lubrication ; Particle Size ; Pressure ; Technology, Pharmaceutical ; methods ; Tensile Strength

EC-18 (monoacetyldiacylglyceride) stimulates T cell production of IL-2, IL-4, IL-12, IFN-gamma, and GM-CSF in vitro. To study the effects of these cytokines stimulated by EC-18 on cancer cells, we applied hamster biliary cancer model, a difficult cancer to treat. Cancer (KIGB-5) cells were given intravenously to produce hematogenous metastatic lung lesions which were treated with EC-18 at 10, 25, and 50 mg/kg/day respectively. The fourth group was untreated control. At 4th, 8th, and 12th week the lungs were examined. EC-18 treated groups showed only a few microscopic lung lesions and no evidence of metastatic lesion with highest dose whereas widespread gross lung lesions were observed in untreated control. To investigate whether the anti-tumor effect of EC-18 is associated with suppression of tumor cell Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR-4) expression in addition to stimulation of the immune cells, KIGB-5 cells were exposed to LPS with or without EC-18. TLR-4 mRNA and protein expression, measured by reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR), real-time quantitative PCR and western blot analysis, showed suppression of TLR-4 expression in KIGB-5 cells treated with EC-18 compared with control. In conclusion, EC-18 has a significant anti-tumor effect in this experimental model of biliary cancer suggesting potential for clinical application to this difficult cancer.
Animals ; Antineoplastic Agents/*therapeutic use ; Biliary Tract Neoplasms/*drug therapy/pathology ; Cricetinae ; Cytokines/metabolism ; Female ; Glycerides/*therapeutic use ; Lung/pathology ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; T-Lymphocytes/immunology/metabolism ; Toll-Like Receptor 4/genetics/metabolism ; Tumor Cells, Cultured

EC-18 (monoacetyldiacylglyceride) stimulates T cell production of IL-2, IL-4, IL-12, IFN-gamma, and GM-CSF in vitro. To study the effects of these cytokines stimulated by EC-18 on cancer cells, we applied hamster biliary cancer model, a difficult cancer to treat. Cancer (KIGB-5) cells were given intravenously to produce hematogenous metastatic lung lesions which were treated with EC-18 at 10, 25, and 50 mg/kg/day respectively. The fourth group was untreated control. At 4th, 8th, and 12th week the lungs were examined. EC-18 treated groups showed only a few microscopic lung lesions and no evidence of metastatic lesion with highest dose whereas widespread gross lung lesions were observed in untreated control. To investigate whether the anti-tumor effect of EC-18 is associated with suppression of tumor cell Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR-4) expression in addition to stimulation of the immune cells, KIGB-5 cells were exposed to LPS with or without EC-18. TLR-4 mRNA and protein expression, measured by reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR), real-time quantitative PCR and western blot analysis, showed suppression of TLR-4 expression in KIGB-5 cells treated with EC-18 compared with control. In conclusion, EC-18 has a significant anti-tumor effect in this experimental model of biliary cancer suggesting potential for clinical application to this difficult cancer.
Animals ; Antineoplastic Agents/*therapeutic use ; Biliary Tract Neoplasms/*drug therapy/pathology ; Cricetinae ; Cytokines/metabolism ; Female ; Glycerides/*therapeutic use ; Lung/pathology ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; T-Lymphocytes/immunology/metabolism ; Toll-Like Receptor 4/genetics/metabolism ; Tumor Cells, Cultured