No abstract available.
Glutathione* ; Oligodendroglia*

No abstract available.
Glutathione Transferase* ; Glutathione* ; Schistosoma japonicum* ; Schistosoma*

No abstract available.
Antioxidants* ; Glutathione* ; Humans

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study is to determine the time-dependant effects of Glutathione on the Cisplatin-induced cytotoxicity of human cervical carcinoma cells. METHODS: Two human cervical carcinoma cells, SiHa (squamous cell carcinoma cell), and CaSki (epidermoid metastatic carcinoma cell) were cultivated with RPMI1640 media. Reduced glutathione (GSH) and 2-oxo 4-thiazolidine carboxylic acid (OTC) were added one hour before and after Cisplatin (2-50 micro M/ml) was applied. The cells were incubated an additional 24 hours and viable cells were examined using a 3-[4,5- dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. RESULTS: The MTT reduction rate of cisplatin-treated cervical carcinoma cells was increased significantly by the addition of glutathione (5 mM) or OTC (5 mM) both one hour before and after Cisplatin. A difference between MTT reduction rates one hour before and after cisplatin were not observed in either GSH or OTC. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that GSH and OTC have a protective effect on cisplatin-induced toxicity, and that this effect is about the same whether the agents were applied before or after the Cisplatin.
Cisplatin* ; Glutathione* ; Humans*

BACKGROUND: Glutathione is a major antioxidant in the body that serves as a substrate for conjugation reactions and regulates cell proliferation. Low levels of glutathione have been linked to cancer, liver problems and other chronic diseases. Studies have shown that oral supplementation is not effective in increasing the glutathione level in the body.

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of the study was to prepare a niosomal formulation of glutathione and to characterize the niosomal formulation. Furthermore, the study compared the effect of the charge inducer in the formulation.

METHODOLOGY: The method was divided to the preparation, characterization and stability study of the niosomal formulation. The niosomal formulation was produced by thin film hydration with varying Span 60 (Sorbitan monostearate) and cholesterol ratios. Niosomal formulation with highest entrapment efficiency was further characterized for mean particle size, surface morphology, and in vitro drug release.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: Formulation A entrapped 98.21% of the glutathione. Addition of charge inducer increased its entrapment efficiency to 98.91%. Furthermore, both niosomal formulations released glutathione at pH 7.4 in 1.0M phosphate buffer saline (PBS). The mean vesicular size obtained was 1,242.97 + 40.52nm. Differential Scanning Calorimetry revealed compatibility between glutathione and its excipients. Both formulations do not cause cytotoxicity in human dermal fibroblast. The stability study also revealed that it was stable at 5°C and 40°C for 3 months.

CONCLUSION: Results of this study suggested the potential use of niosomes in the targeted delivery of glutathione. This is the first report on the use of niosomal preparations through thin film hydration technique in the delivery of reduced L-glutathione.

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to test the possible association between Glutathione S-Transferase M1 gene (GSTM1) variants and schizophrenia. METHODS: One hundred and eleven inpatients with schizophrenia and 130 healthy controls were recruited. Genotyping was performed by polymerase chain reaction-based method. RESULTS: The GSTM1 null genotype was significantly more frequent in patients with schizophrenia than in controls (p=0.014, odd ratio=1.93, 95% confidence interval=1.115-3.351), while GSTM1 genotype variants were not associated with either tardive dyskinesia (TD) or total Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale (AIMS) scores. CONCLUSION: The present study suggests that the GSTM1 polymorphism may confer susceptibility to the development of schizophrenia but not to TD, at least in Korean population.
Dyskinesias ; Genotype ; Glutathione Transferase* ; Glutathione* ; Humans ; Inpatients ; Movement Disorders ; Schizophrenia*

No abstract available.
Animals ; Catalase* ; Glutathione* ; Lung* ; Rats*

Glutathione is an important component of the UW cold storage solution, but it is oxidized during storage. The experimental study has been carried out to determine the effect of air oxygen on stability of glutathione solution. The results of this study demonstrated that the main cause of decreasing concentration of sulfhydril glutathione is the air oxygen on surface of and within solution
Glutathione ; Oxygen ; Drug Stability ; drugs

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to estimate the effects of 4-nonylphenol (NP), a ubiquitously present surfactant in aquatic environments, on the anti-oxidant systems of the liver in the Far Eastern catfish Silurus asotus. METHODS: Changes in biochemical parameters involved in glutathione (GSH)-related and other anti-oxidant systems were analyzed following 4 weeks of 4-NP administration (0.1 and 1.0 mg/kg diet) via a formulated diet to catfish. RESULTS: 4-NP exposure induced an elevation in hepatic lipid peroxide levels and an accompanying decrease in reduced state GSH after 2 weeks, suggesting pro-oxidant effects of the chemical in catfish. This oxidative stress was associated with an inhibition of the GSH-utilizing enzyme glutathione peroxidase at the same time point. This inhibition was restored after 4 weeks. The activities of other anti-oxidant enzymes, i.e., glutathione reductase, superoxide dismutase and catalase were increased after 4 weeks. These enzyme increases occurred more strongly at the higher 4-NP concentration (1.0 mg/kg diet). CONCLUSIONS: 4-NP given to catfish at 0.1 to 1.0 mg/kg diet, concentrations relevant to environmental levels, depletes the endogenous anti-oxidant molecule GSH and temporarily inhibits GSH-related anti-oxidant enzymes. Such declines in anti-oxidant capacity and elevated oxidative stress seem to be compensated eventually by subsequent activation of various anti-oxidant enzyme systems.
Catalase ; Catfishes* ; Detergents* ; Diet ; Glutathione ; Glutathione Peroxidase ; Glutathione Reductase ; Liver ; Oxidative Stress ; Superoxide Dismutase

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to estimate the effects of 4-nonylphenol (NP), a ubiquitously present surfactant in aquatic environments, on the anti-oxidant systems of the liver in the Far Eastern catfish Silurus asotus. METHODS: Changes in biochemical parameters involved in glutathione (GSH)-related and other anti-oxidant systems were analyzed following 4 weeks of 4-NP administration (0.1 and 1.0 mg/kg diet) via a formulated diet to catfish. RESULTS: 4-NP exposure induced an elevation in hepatic lipid peroxide levels and an accompanying decrease in reduced state GSH after 2 weeks, suggesting pro-oxidant effects of the chemical in catfish. This oxidative stress was associated with an inhibition of the GSH-utilizing enzyme glutathione peroxidase at the same time point. This inhibition was restored after 4 weeks. The activities of other anti-oxidant enzymes, i.e., glutathione reductase, superoxide dismutase and catalase were increased after 4 weeks. These enzyme increases occurred more strongly at the higher 4-NP concentration (1.0 mg/kg diet). CONCLUSIONS: 4-NP given to catfish at 0.1 to 1.0 mg/kg diet, concentrations relevant to environmental levels, depletes the endogenous anti-oxidant molecule GSH and temporarily inhibits GSH-related anti-oxidant enzymes. Such declines in anti-oxidant capacity and elevated oxidative stress seem to be compensated eventually by subsequent activation of various anti-oxidant enzyme systems.
Catalase ; Catfishes* ; Detergents* ; Diet ; Glutathione ; Glutathione Peroxidase ; Glutathione Reductase ; Liver ; Oxidative Stress ; Superoxide Dismutase