On department of anesthesiology, Hanyang university hospital, we used to the Diascan-S for portable blood glucose monitoring during surgery with anesthesia. So, we try to know about the accuracy, the precision and the specificity of that instrument. Period to check for blood glucose was devided to 3 groups that are on just after induction, the operation of main lesion, the end of surgery and we compared to the blood glucose level by the Diascan-S and the standard reference test. Central laboratory used glucose oxidase method to check blood glueose as the standard reference test. Thereafter we got the conclusions as follow. 1) We had got to good correlation between the blood glucose level by Diascan-S and the stan-dard reference test. (Y=65+0.64X, correlation coefficiency 0.58, p value; 0.0000) 2) When the blood glucose levels had devided as below from l00 mg/dl, 100 mg/dl to 150 mg/ dl and above 150 mg/dl, we only got to good correlation blood glocose level by Diascan-S and the standard reference test from 100 mg/dl to l50 mg/dl. (Y=11+2.5X, correlation coefficieny ; 0.51, p value ; 0.0000) 3) When we had tested for blood glucose on ]ust after anesthesia induction and the operation on main lesion, the end of surgery, the results of each period have a good correation each other by Diascan-S and the standard reference test. (a) Just after anesthesia induction Y = 51+0.50X, correlation coefficiency 0.52, p value 0.0000 (b) Operation for main lesion Y = 80+0.38X, correlation coefficiency 0.45, p value 0.0000 (c) End of surgery Y = 61+0.54X, correlation coefficiency ; 0.62, p value 0.0000 4) The condition of instrument had devided to two conditions of Diascan-S as was calibrated by technician reqularly or not, got to more confident correlation coefficiency when the Diascan-S had calibrated by technician reqularly. (a) had calibrated reqularly Y = 40+0.62X, correlation coefficiency 0.65, p value: 0.0000 (b) had not calibration Y = 77+0.42X, correlation coefficiency ; 0.36, p value: 0.0026 By above results, we got conclusions that portable glucose monitoring instrument(Diascan-s) can use to know to change of blood sugar during anesthesia. And then, if we got the result of blood glucose level as belows 100 mg/dl or above 150 mg/dl when used Diascan-S, should try to test again and must compared to standard reference test of central laboratory. Diascan-S must be ca)ibrated by technician reqularly if we try to get more accurate results of blood glucose by Diascan-S.
Anesthesia ; Anesthesiology ; Blood Glucose* ; Calibration ; Glucose Oxidase* ; Glucose* ; Sensitivity and Specificity

BACKGROUND: We evaluated the analytical performance of Barozen H (i-SENS Inc., Korea), a new glucometer equipped with networking function for medical institutions, according to the ISO 15197:2003 and ISO/DIS 15197:2011 guidelines. METHODS: We measured the precision of 10 Barozen H glucometers, in terms of repeatability and intermediate precision, and determined their accuracy relative to that of automatic chemistry analyzer AU5421 (Beckman Coulter, USA). Three other glucometers-Precision PCx (Abbott, USA), Glucocard Sigma (Arkray, Japan), and SureStep Flexx (Johnson & Johnson, USA) were also evaluated, and their accuracies and hematocrit interferences were compared. RESULTS: The standard deviation and coefficient of variation of Barozen H for repeatability and intermediate precision were 0.11-0.15 mmol/L and 2.3-3.6%, respectively. With respect to accuracy, in accordance with ISO 15197:2003 criteria, Barozen H yielded 98.0% of results within +/-0.83 mmol/L or +/-20%. Further, per the ISO/DIS 15197:2011 criteria, 95.2% of results were within +/-0.83 mmol/L or +/-15%; Barozen H was the only glucometer satisfying the more stringent ISO/DIS 15197:2011 criteria. Error grid analysis showed that all results from Barozen H were in zone A, indicating its excellent clinical accuracy. Hematocrit, ranging from 20% to 60% did not cause any significant interference. CONCLUSIONS: Barozen H showed excellent analytical performance, and it was the most clinically accurate glucometer tested. It can be expected to provide reliable results satisfying ISO/DIS 15197:2011 as well as ISO 15197:2003 criteria.
Blood Glucose Self-Monitoring ; Blood Glucose* ; Chemistry ; Diabetes Mellitus ; Glucose Oxidase ; Hematocrit ; Point-of-Care Systems

BACKGROUND: We evaluated the analytical performance of Barozen H (i-SENS Inc., Korea), a new glucometer equipped with networking function for medical institutions, according to the ISO 15197:2003 and ISO/DIS 15197:2011 guidelines. METHODS: We measured the precision of 10 Barozen H glucometers, in terms of repeatability and intermediate precision, and determined their accuracy relative to that of automatic chemistry analyzer AU5421 (Beckman Coulter, USA). Three other glucometers-Precision PCx (Abbott, USA), Glucocard Sigma (Arkray, Japan), and SureStep Flexx (Johnson & Johnson, USA) were also evaluated, and their accuracies and hematocrit interferences were compared. RESULTS: The standard deviation and coefficient of variation of Barozen H for repeatability and intermediate precision were 0.11-0.15 mmol/L and 2.3-3.6%, respectively. With respect to accuracy, in accordance with ISO 15197:2003 criteria, Barozen H yielded 98.0% of results within +/-0.83 mmol/L or +/-20%. Further, per the ISO/DIS 15197:2011 criteria, 95.2% of results were within +/-0.83 mmol/L or +/-15%; Barozen H was the only glucometer satisfying the more stringent ISO/DIS 15197:2011 criteria. Error grid analysis showed that all results from Barozen H were in zone A, indicating its excellent clinical accuracy. Hematocrit, ranging from 20% to 60% did not cause any significant interference. CONCLUSIONS: Barozen H showed excellent analytical performance, and it was the most clinically accurate glucometer tested. It can be expected to provide reliable results satisfying ISO/DIS 15197:2011 as well as ISO 15197:2003 criteria.
Blood Glucose Self-Monitoring ; Blood Glucose* ; Chemistry ; Diabetes Mellitus ; Glucose Oxidase ; Hematocrit ; Point-of-Care Systems

The Dextrostix/Reflectance Meter (GLUCOSCOT GT-4310) for measuring blood glucose con centration was studied. We compared 75 blood glucose values measured by GLUCOSCOT with serum glucose values by laboratory glucose oxidase method. And their correlations were excellent (r=0.96961). This study proved that this portable monitor is valuable in providing anesthesiologists with a rapid and precise method for monitoring blood glucose concentrations in operating room. Perioperative blood glucose concentrations were measured by GLUCOSCOT in gynecologic patients anesthetized with Thalamonal (group 1), halothane (group 2) or enflurane (group 3). Blood glucose values increased significantly after intubation and more increased after start of surgery with time, but these changes were not significant clinically (<120 mg/dl). Changes of blood glucose, mean blood pressure and pulse rate were not different statistically from each other groups.
Blood Glucose* ; Blood Pressure ; Enflurane ; Glucose Oxidase ; Halothane ; Heart Rate ; Humans ; Intubation ; Operating Rooms*

In this study we deliberated over the principles and methods and then took the noninvasive continuous measurement of blood glucose concentration through the skin of rabbits. The glucose oxidase sensor was made by covalent immobilization. The best making method of sensor and stable working condition were sifted. Ten female and 10 male adult white rabbits were allocated into the groups of the ante-ultrasound and post-ultrasound, the injection of glucose, and the high and low frequency ultrasounds. After the skin surface was treated by high or low frenquency ultrasound for 5 minutes on the rabbits, obvious changes (P < 0.01) of post-ultrasound and post-injection of glucose were observed by means of glucose oxidase sensor and microcurrent apparatus. After application of ultrasound to the skin of rabbits, the penetration of glucose through the rabbit skin increased obviously. The change of microcurrent signal that was exchanged by the glucose sensor correlated positively with the concentration of glucose of rabbit body. The blood glucose can be tested by the glucose sensor on the skin surface of living animal.
Animals ; Biosensing Techniques ; Blood Glucose ; analysis ; Female ; Glucose Oxidase ; Male ; Rabbits ; Skin ; radiation effects ; Sonication

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the usefulness of 10% dextrose swallowing test (DST) to detect aspiration for patient with tracheostomy in comparison with modified blue dye test (MBDT). METHOD: Fifteen brain injured patients with tracheostomy were tested by DST and MBDT. The newly developed DST consists of 3 steps. In the first step, 5 cc 10% dextrose solution is fed 3 times by spoon. In the second step, tracheal secretion is sampled by suction catheter just before swallowing, and 30 seconds, 90 seconds after swallowing. In the third step, tracheal secretion is smeared to glucose oxidase test strip to detect aspiration with color change from pink to purple. MBDT with 0.01 % methylene blue solution was also performed in the same order. The tracheal secretion was smeared to the white paper to see the color change to blue. Videofluoroscopic swallowing study (VFSS) was performed for 9 out of 15 patients. RESULTS: Fourteen out of 15 patients showed the same outcome in DST and MBDT (kappa=0.815). Seven out of 9 patients showed the same outcome in DST and VFSS (kappa=0.571). Eight out of 9 patients showed the same outcome in MBDT and VFSS (kappa=0.780). CONCLUSION: The DST is a reliable method to detect aspiration for patient with tracheostomy.
Brain ; Catheters ; Deglutition* ; Glucose Oxidase ; Glucose* ; Humans ; Methylene Blue ; Suction ; Tracheostomy*

OBJECTIVE: To compare the blood glucose levels, insulin concentrations, and insulin resistance during the two phases of the menstrual cycle between healthy women and patients with premenstrual syndrome (PMS). METHODS: From January of 2011 to the August of 2012, a descriptive cross-sectional study was performed among students in the School of Medicine of Jahrom University of Medical Sciences. We included 30 students with the most severe symptoms of PMS and 30 age frequency-matched healthy controls. We analyzed the serum concentrations of glucose, insulin, and insulin resistance by using the glucose oxidase method, radioimmunometric assay, and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance equation, respectively. RESULTS: No significant differences between the demographic data of the control and PMS groups were observed. The mean concentrations of glucose of the two study groups were significantly different during the follicular and luteal phases (p=0.011 vs. p<0.0001, respectively). The amounts of homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance of the two study groups were significantly different in the luteal phase (p=0.0005). CONCLUSION: The level of blood glucose and insulin resistance was lower during the two phases of the menstrual cycle of the PMS group than that of the controls.
Blood Glucose ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Female ; Glucose ; Glucose Oxidase ; Homeostasis ; Humans ; Insulin ; Insulin Resistance ; Luteal Phase ; Menstrual Cycle ; Premenstrual Syndrome

PURPOSE: Icodextrin in peritoneal cavity is absorbed via the lymphatics to the blood and metabolized to maltose and maltriose which may interfere with correct measurement of glucose. In an attempt to evaluate the effects of icodextrin on the erroneous results of blood glucose, we measured blood glucose by different methods. METHODS: Peripheral capillary blood and venous blood were obtained from 12 patients using icodextrin and from 12 patients not using icodextrin. Venous blood glucose was measured by using the laboratory technique (glucose oxidase method), and capillary blood glucose was measured by using a Surestep (glucose oxidase method) and an Acucheck (GDH-PQQ method). To estimate icodextrin and its metabolites indirectly, we calculated osmolal gap. We measured blood icodextrin and its metabolites with amyloglucosidase in icodextrin group. RESULTS: In icodextrin group, glucose was overestimated in the results of the GDH-PQQ method (delta= GDH-GOD=56.2+/-30 mg/dL [vein] 58+/-32 mg/dL [capillary]), but in the control group, there were no significant differences in the results between the glucose oxidase method and the GDH-PQQ method. There was a correlation between the osmolal gap and the differences in the results (delta=GDH-GOD) (r=0.741, p=.006 [vein], r=0.671, p=.017 [capillary]). Blood icodextrin and its metabolites were related with the differences in the results (delta=GDH-GOD) (p=.026, r=0.635), but there was no significant correlation between the osmolal gap and the icodextrin and its metabolites (p=0.086, r=0.515). CONCLUSION: Icodextrin and its metabolites may lead to erroneously high blood glucose levels when measured by GDH-PQQ method. It is necessary to be aware of this factor in order to prevent overlooking dangerous hypoglycemia.
Blood Glucose* ; Capillaries ; Glucan 1,4-alpha-Glucosidase ; Glucose ; Glucose Oxidase ; Humans ; Hypoglycemia ; Maltose ; Oxidoreductases ; Peritoneal Cavity ; Peritoneal Dialysis, Continuous Ambulatory*

capacitation of human sperm is essential for fertilization and is characterized visually by hyperactivated motility. There is a controversy whether reactive oxygen radicals cause infertility or stimulate sperm-zona interaction. We investigated the exact role of reactive oxygen radicals on hyperactivation (HA) of human sperm which could be a part of the capacitation process. Hyperactivation of human sperm was compared to the Ham's F-10 controls by the addition of superoxide anion and hydrogen peroxide generating enzymes on the percale treated sperms. The motility parameters of human sperms were estimated by computer assisted semen analysis system. The addition of xanthine + xanthine oxidase + catalase (generating system of superoxide anion and removal of hydrogen peroxide) on the sperms induced levels of HA (10.5% at 2 hour, 11.3% at 5 hour) which were about 2 times higher than those of controls (HA: 5.4% at 2 hour, 5.6% at 5 hour). The addition of glucose + glucose oxidase (generation of hydrogen peroxide) decreased the levels of HA (0.0% at 2 and 5 hour) significantly. Superoxide dismutase, the scavenger of superoxide anion inhibited HA significantly, whereas catalase, the scavenger of hydrogen peroxide promoted HA significantly These results suggest that the reactive oxygen radicals may be involved in hyperactivation of human sperms by the way that superoxide anion promotes and hydrogen peroxide inhibits hyperactivation of the fertile human sperms. It may be very important in the process of fertilization that promotion or inhibition of hyperactivation occurs at the proper time and location of female genital organ.
Catalase ; Female ; Fertilization ; Genitalia ; Glucose ; Glucose Oxidase ; Humans* ; Hydrogen ; Hydrogen Peroxide ; Infertility ; Reactive Oxygen Species* ; Semen Analysis ; Spermatozoa* ; Superoxide Dismutase ; Superoxides ; Xanthine ; Xanthine Oxidase

Activity losing during the covalent immobilization of enzyme is a serious problem. Here we studied organic phase immobilization by using glucose oxidase (GOD) as a model. After lyophilized at optimum pH, GOD is covalently immobilized onto glutaraldhyde-activated chitosan microsphere carrier under the condition of water, 1, 4-dioxane, ether and ethanol separately. The special activities, enzyme characterization and kinetic parameters are determined. Results show that all of the organic phase immobilized GODs have higher special activities and larger K(cat) than that of aqueous phase. Under the conditions of 0.1% of glutaraldehyde, 1.6% moisture content with 80 mg of GOD added to per gram of carrier, 2.9-fold of the special activity and 3-fold of the effective activity recovery ratio were obtained, and 3-fold of the residue activity was demonstrated after 7 runs when compares 1, 4-dioxane phase immobilized GOD with water phase immobilized one. In addition, kinetic study shows that 1,4-dioxane immobilized GOD (Km(app) = 5.63 mmol/L, V(max) = 1.70 micromol/(min x mg GOD), K(cat) = 0.304 s(-1) was superior to water immobilized GOD (Km(app) = 7.33 mmol/L, V(max) = 1.02 micromol/(min x mg GOD), K(cat) = 0.221 s(-1)). All above indicated GOD immobilized in proper organic media presented a better activity with improved catalytic performance. Organic phase immobilization might be one of the ways to overcome the conformational denature of enzyme protein during covalent modification.
Chitosan ; chemistry ; Dioxanes ; chemistry ; Enzymes, Immobilized ; chemistry ; Freeze Drying ; Glucose Oxidase ; chemistry ; Kinetics ; Microspheres