Glucose concentration in tears was measured and comparison was made with the blood glucose level in diabetic and non-diabetic subjects. In normal cases the average glucose value in tears was found to be 18.6mg/100ml, whereas in diabetic patients the mean glucose value in tears was 32.8mg/100ml. These values corresponded approximately 17% of the blood glucose concentration. The changes of tear and blood glucose following the oral administration of glucose were also evaluated in normal and diabetic subjects. In normal cases elevation of tear glucose was noted, reaching its maximum value after 1 hour and returned to the normal level after 2 hours. Tear glucose in diabetics was found to be markedly elevated, lasting longer than in normal cases. In normal subjects, tear glucose concentration fell on injection of insulin and returned to the normal level after 2 hours. In these induced hyperglycemic and hypoglycemic states, glucose concentration in tears revealed parallel with the blood glucose. Clinistix test with tears at different levels of glucose concentrations showed a positive reaction when tear glucose concentration was over 30.5mg/100ml. In these positive cases the blood glucose level was more than 150mg/100ml. It can be suggested that the Clinistix test can be used as a screening method of suspected diabetic patients.
Administration, Oral ; Blood Glucose ; Glucose* ; Humans ; Insulin ; Mass Screening ; Tears*

Glucose concentration in tears was measured and comparison was made with the blood glucose level in diabetic and non-diabetic subjects. In normal cases the average glucose value in tears was found to be 18.6mg/100ml, whereas in diabetic patients the mean glucose value in tears was 32.8mg/100ml. These values corresponded approximately 17% of the blood glucose concentration. The changes of tear and blood glucose following the oral administration of glucose were also evaluated in normal and diabetic subjects. In normal cases elevation of tear glucose was noted, reaching its maximum value after 1 hour and returned to the normal level after 2 hours. Tear glucose in diabetics was found to be markedly elevated, lasting longer than in normal cases. In normal subjects, tear glucose concentration fell on injection of insulin and returned to the normal level after 2 hours. In these induced hyperglycemic and hypoglycemic states, glucose concentration in tears revealed parallel with the blood glucose. Clinistix test with tears at different levels of glucose concentrations showed a positive reaction when tear glucose concentration was over 30.5mg/100ml. In these positive cases the blood glucose level was more than 150mg/100ml. It can be suggested that the Clinistix test can be used as a screening method of suspected diabetic patients.
Administration, Oral ; Blood Glucose ; Glucose* ; Humans ; Insulin ; Mass Screening ; Tears*

BACKGROUND: Intravenous administration of high doses of ascorbic acid (AA) for certain clinical conditions can cause high levels of blood AA to interfere with the measurement of blood glucose. In this study, we evaluated the potential interference by high concentrations of blood AA with glucose measurement in different instruments. METHODS: Using Hitachi 7600 chemistry autoanalyzer (Hitachi 7600) and Accu-Chek Active monitor glucometer (Accu-Check), glucose was measured in serum specimens in which AA had been added in vitro at concentrations ranging from 0 to 28, 388 micromol/L. To assess the effect of pharmacokinetics of AA on glucose concentrations, blood AA and glucose were measured serially in healthy subjects after 10 g of IV Vitamin C supplement was administered. RESULTS: Beginning at the concentration of 227 micromol/L, the blood AA interfered with glucose measurement negatively in Hitachi 7600, but positively in Accu-Chek. The extent of interference was proportional to AA concentrations in both directions. The in vivo study showed that, although both instruments were affected by high blood AA at 1 hour of IV administration, blood glucose levels were normalized at 5 hours in Hitachi 7600 and at 3 hours in Accu-Chek. CONCLUSIONS: When considering that IV high dose AA supplement is becoming more popular and the extent of its interference with blood glucose measurement is significantly high in commercial systems, it would be important for the clinical laboratory to be informed of the prescription informations of patients and the time of blood collection, and to choose a correct system for an accurate blood glucose measurement.
Administration, Intravenous ; Ascorbic Acid* ; Blood Glucose* ; Chemistry ; Glucose ; Humans ; Pharmacokinetics ; Prescriptions

PURPOSE: Rice bran is a byproduct of the hulling of rice and contains a variety of bioactive components. Various studies have reported on the antioxidative, anticancer, immune-enhancing, and hypocholesterolemic effects of rice bran. However, few studies about the physiological activity of stabilized rice bran supplement on dietary intake of sugars is limited. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of stabilized rice bran supplement on blood glucose in C57BL/6 mice fed a high sucrose diet. METHODS: Animals were randomly divided into three groups respectively, and were fed a normal diet (ND group), a high sucrose diet (HSD group) or a high sucrose diet containing 20% stabilized rice bran (HSD-SRB group) for 12 weeks. RESULTS: In the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), after seven weeks of feeding on the experimental diets, a significantly lower result was observed for HSD-SRB than for HSD at 30 and 60 minutes after oral administration in glucose solution (2 g/kg body weight). The incremental area under the curve (IAUC) of HSD-SRB was significantly lower than that of HSD. After 12 weeks, fasting blood glucose level of HSD-SRB was significantly lower than that of HSD. No significant difference in the serum insulin level was observed between HSD and HSD-SRB. However, HOMA-IR was significantly decreased in HSD-SRB compared to HSD. In addition, HOMA beta-cell was significantly increased in HSD-SRB com-pared to HSD. Triglyceride in liver of HSD-SRB was significantly lower than that of HSD. CONCLUSIONS: Feeding diets con-taining 20% rice bran improved insulin resistance and insulin secretion by decreasing triglyceride in liver. Thus, rice bran has a positive effect on glycemic control. In addition, the results are expected to be utilized as a basis for human study and development of food products with added rice bran.
Administration, Oral ; Animals ; Blood Glucose ; Carbohydrates ; Diet* ; Fasting ; Glucose Tolerance Test ; Glucose* ; Humans ; Insulin ; Insulin Resistance ; Liver ; Mice* ; Sucrose* ; Triglycerides

According to users and places, blood glucose monitoring systems(BGMSs) can be divided into self-monitoring blood glucose test systems(SMBGs) and Point-of-Care Blood Glucose monitoring systems(POC-BGMSs). The Food and Drug Administration(FDA) believes that standards for SMBGs and POC-BGMSs should be different because of different operators, different use environments, different intendance uses and different applicable populations. Now the international standards for evaluating BGMSs include ISO 15197:2013 issued by International Organization for Standardization(ISO), two guidelines on blood glucose monitoring systems issued by FDA, and POCT12-A3 guidelines issued by the American Association for Clinical and Laboratory Standardization(CLSI), ISO standard and FDA guideline-OTC are applicable in SMBGs, CLSI guideline and FDA guideline-POCTI2-A3 are suitable for POC-BGMSs. By analyzing the accuracy evaluation processes of BGMSs based on four standard documents, it is found that the accuracy evaluation of medical BGMSs is more stringent. It is proposed that SMBGs and POC-BGMSs should be supervised separately.
Blood Glucose ; Blood Glucose Self-Monitoring ; Point-of-Care Systems ; Reference Standards ; Reproducibility of Results ; United States ; United States Food and Drug Administration

OBJECTIVETo establish a blood glucose fluctuation model in diabetic rats.

METHODSMale SD rats were randomly divided into 2 groups, namely normal group and diabetes group. Rat model of diabetes was established by single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (STZ) and then divided into sustained high blood glucose group and blood glucose fluctuation group. Rat model of blood glucose fluctuation was established by subcutaneous injection with regular insulin or gavaging of glucose twice daily in diabetic rats. The general condition, body weight, daily blood glucose levels of 5 different times, daily average blood glucose (MBG), standard deviation of daily average blood glucose (SDBG), the maximum amplitude of glycemic excursions (LAGE), fasting serum insulin (FINS) and pancreatic tissue pathology were observed.

RESULTSRats in blood glucose fluctuation group and sustained high blood glucose group developed symptoms of polyphagia, polyuria and polydipsia. Though significant differences in body weight were observed at different time (P<0.01), no significant differences were found among the three groups (P>0.05). After 6 weeks of blood glucose fluctuation, MBG, SDBG and LAGE in blood glucose fluctuation group and sustained high blood glucose group were increased significantly than those in normal group (P<0.01), the level of FINS decreased markedly (P<0.05). SDBG and LAGE in blood glucose fluctuation group were higher than those in sustained high blood glucose group (P<0.01). Islet of diabetic rat became atrophy, irregular shape, sparse distribution, and decreased in number, and the changes were more obvious in blood glucose fluctuation group.

CONCLUSIONRat model of blood glucose fluctuation can be successfully established by subcutaneous injection of regular insulin of gavage of glucose twice daily in diabetic rats.

Animals ; Blood Glucose ; analysis ; Body Weight ; Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental ; Fasting ; Glucose ; administration & dosage ; Insulin ; administration & dosage ; Male ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Streptozocin

The present study evaluated the effect of various dosages of soybean isoflavone extract on body weight changes, glucose tolerance and liver function in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. One group of normal rats (normal control) was fed an AIN-76-based experimental diet and four groups of diabetic rats were fed the same diet supplemented with four different levels of soybean isoflavone extract for seven weeks. The daily dosages of pure isoflavone for four diabetic groups were set to be 0 mg (diabetic control), 0.5 mg (ISO-I), 3.0 mg (ISO-II) and 30.0 mg (ISO-III) per kilogram of body weight, respectively. The daily consumption of isoflavone at the level of 3.0mg per kilogram of body weight resulted in the suppression of body weight loss and increased the survival rate of diabetic animals one and half times compared to that of the diabetic control group. Blood glucose levels in a fasting state and after the oral administration of glucose were significantly lower in the ISO-II group during the oral glucose tolerance test. The ISO-II group showed a tendency to elongate the gastrointestinal transit time. The activity of serum aminotransferases, indicator of liver function, was not negatively affected by any intake level of isoflavone. The present study demonstrated that the soybean isoflavone extract may be beneficial to diabetic animals by improving their glucose tolerance and suppressing weight loss without incurring hepatotoxicity at the daily dosage of 3.0 mg per kg of body weight.
Administration, Oral ; Animals ; Blood Glucose ; Body Weight ; Body Weight Changes ; Diet ; Fasting ; Gastrointestinal Transit ; Glucose Tolerance Test ; Glucose* ; Liver ; Rats* ; Soybeans* ; Streptozocin ; Survival Rate* ; Transaminases ; Weight Loss

Glucose ; administration & dosage ; Humans ; Irritants ; administration & dosage ; Joint Dislocations ; therapy ; Mandibular Condyle ; Recurrence ; Temporomandibular Joint ; injuries ; Temporomandibular Joint Disorders ; therapy

The effects of topical dexamethasone on the endothelial healing and the change of aqueous composition were examined in the repair process of experimental corneal alkali wounds. Corneal alkali wounds were induced, then the eyes were treated topically with either 0.1%dexamethasone or abalanced salt solution[BSS]4 times per day for 8 weeks. Endothelial wound morphometry was performed after alizarin red and trypan blue staining. The concentrations of ascorbic acid, glucose, and the ions, Na, K , Ca2 and Mg2 , were measured in the aqueous humor. Endothelial healing in control corneas showed a biphasic pattern of healing:an initial short-term healing for the first week and then a late long-term healing following a secondary endothelial breakdown. Topical administration of 0.1%dexamethasone deterred endothelial healing during the early period and prevented secondary endothelial breakdown. Total repair process of endothelium was accelerated by the dexamethasone treatment. Among the various components of the aqueous humor examined, ascorbic acid seemed most sensitive to change caused by the alkali injury and dexametha-sone treatment. The present data indicate that dexamethasone may have a therapeutic potential in the management of endothelial healing after corneal alkali injury.
Administration, Topical ; Alkalies* ; Aqueous Humor ; Ascorbic Acid ; Cornea ; Dexamethasone ; Endothelium ; Glucose ; Ions ; Trypan Blue ; Wounds and Injuries*

Adolescent ; Blood Glucose ; analysis ; Female ; Humans ; Kidney Transplantation ; Male ; Sodium ; blood ; Sodium Chloride ; administration & dosage