With the development of economy, the incidence of diabetes is keeping on rising. It has been a larger chief offender endangering human health. Glucose monitoring in time, accurately and continuously can provide the basis for the adjustment of diet, exercise and drug treatment project, and can control disease at the level of satisfaction degree. Noninvasive measurement of glucose avoids blood collection with high frequency, alleviates pain caused by blood sampling, and prevents infection. It comes with hope for the diabetic. In this article, we compare the kinds of techniques, introduce the theory, the problems of polarization rotation, the solving methods and the advantages, thus providing references for the noninvasive measurement of glucose.
Blood Glucose ; analysis ; Blood Glucose Self-Monitoring ; methods ; trends ; Diabetes Mellitus ; blood ; Humans ; Optical Rotation

PURPOSE: Many studies have examined the mechanisms of impaired glucose homeostasis after organophosphate (OP) exposure, however no study has evaluated the clinical utility of blood glucose measurements in patients with OP poisoning. The current study was conducted to evaluate the initial glucose level at presentation and the glycemic variables during the first 3 days after admission as a predictor of mortality. METHODS: This retrospective observational case series included 228 patients with a history of OP poisoning. Among other clinical data, information on the initial glucose level at presentation and mean glucose level, delta glucose level, and the presence of a hypoglycemic event during the first 3 days of admission, was collected. RESULTS: Survivors had lower initial glucose levels at presentation and glucose variability during the first 3 days of admission compared to non-survivors. The frequency of hypoglycemic events was higher in non-survivors. In multivariate analysis, the initial glucose level (> 233 mg/dl) was an independent predictor of mortality, along with age. CONCLUSION: The initial glucose level at presentation can be helpful in prediction of mortality in cases of OP intoxication at bedside. The physician should pay attention to patients with a glucose level >233 mg/dl at presentation after ingestion of OP.
Blood Glucose* ; Eating ; Glucose ; Homeostasis ; Humans ; Mortality ; Multivariate Analysis ; Organophosphates ; Poisoning* ; Retrospective Studies ; Survivors

Non-invasive (NI) blood glucose measurement is a new method, this article deals with current researches and analyzes the advantages and shortages of different measurement methods, including electrochemical process and Optical methods (transmission, polarimetry and back scattering). Then, the technology of near-infrared spectra is emphasized in the analysis. Finally, the problem and technical analysis of non-invasive (NI) blood glucose measurement at the present time are discussed. We preliminarily aim at the method of NI blood glucose determination and the original concept of measuring apparatus, including the choice of incident light wavelength, determination of receiver point, establishment of the optical model of biological tissue, and apparatus design.
Blood Glucose ; analysis ; Blood Glucose Self-Monitoring ; instrumentation ; methods ; Diagnosis, Computer-Assisted ; instrumentation ; Equipment Design ; Humans

In this study we deliberated over the principles and methods and then took the noninvasive continuous measurement of blood glucose concentration through the skin of rabbits. The glucose oxidase sensor was made by covalent immobilization. The best making method of sensor and stable working condition were sifted. Ten female and 10 male adult white rabbits were allocated into the groups of the ante-ultrasound and post-ultrasound, the injection of glucose, and the high and low frequency ultrasounds. After the skin surface was treated by high or low frenquency ultrasound for 5 minutes on the rabbits, obvious changes (P < 0.01) of post-ultrasound and post-injection of glucose were observed by means of glucose oxidase sensor and microcurrent apparatus. After application of ultrasound to the skin of rabbits, the penetration of glucose through the rabbit skin increased obviously. The change of microcurrent signal that was exchanged by the glucose sensor correlated positively with the concentration of glucose of rabbit body. The blood glucose can be tested by the glucose sensor on the skin surface of living animal.
Animals ; Biosensing Techniques ; Blood Glucose ; analysis ; Female ; Glucose Oxidase ; Male ; Rabbits ; Skin ; radiation effects ; Sonication

This article elucidates the understanding of National Standard GB/T19634-2005 "In Vitro Diagnostic Test Systems-General Technical Requirements for Blood-Glucose Monitoring Systems for Self-Testing" from the perspective of registration tests of blood glucose analyzers, and summarizes some of the common problems existing in sending the blood glucose analyzers for inspection in registration tests according to the relevant regulations.
Blood Glucose ; analysis ; Blood Glucose Self-Monitoring ; instrumentation ; standards ; Health Personnel

BACKGROUND: Recent blood gas analyzers offer electrolytes, Hb-derivatives (O2 Hb, HHb, COHb, MetHb and SulfHb), content of total hemoglobin (ctHb), and metabolites (glucose and lactate) as well as conventional blood gas parameters. Evaluation and efficient control of these instruments affect greatly monitoring and therapy of patients. The authors evaluated a recently introduced blood gas analyzer, the Roche OMNI 9 (Roche Diagnostics) for precision, analytic speed, function, features and comparability with other instruments according to NCCLS guidelines to see if it was suitable for the stat analyzer. METHODS: Commercial control materials, AUTO-trol PLUS Level 1, 2, 3 (Roche Diagnostics) were analyzed to evaluate the within-day precision, the between-day precision, and patient samples were used to evaluate comparability with other instruments. RESULTS: The within-day and the between-day precisions of the Roche OMNI 9 showed a very low CV of 0- 3.93% and 0- 3.99%, respectively, in all parameters except the lactate, which had moderate CV values of 7.74% and 5.93% in Level 3 QC material (low concentration). In compari-son with the Bayer instrument, correlation was high in all parameters with the r(2) value ranging from 0.9441 to 0.9901 except for COHb (r(2)=0.4239) and MetHb (r(2)=0.0034) whose concentrations were in the lower level. Glucose (r(2)=0.991), lactate (r(2)=0.9824), and hemoglobin (r(2)=0.9961) showed a rather high correlation. The Roche OMNI 9 could analyze 40 samples of blood gas and 27 samples of full parameter per hour, which was comparable to the Bayer M855. CONCLUSIONS: The Roche OMNI 9 showed high precision and rapid turnaround time for blood gas and in a selection of glucose, lactate and hemoglobin.
Blood Gas Analysis ; Electrolytes ; Glucose ; Humans ; Lactic Acid

Mid-infrared (MIR) spectroscopy is applicable to blood glucose sensing without using any reagent, however, due to a result of inadequate accuracy, till now this method has not been used in clinical detection. The principle and key technologies of blood glucose sensing by MIR spectroscopy are presented in this paper. Along with our experimental results, the paper analyzes ways to enhance measurement accuracy and prediction accuracy by the following four methods: selection of optimized spectral region; application of spectra data processing method; elimination of the interference with other components in the blood, and promotion in system hardware. According to these four improving methods, we designed four experiments, i.e., strict determination of the region where glucose concentration changes most sensitively in MIR, application of genetic algorithm for wavelength selection, normalization of spectra for the purpose of enhancing measuring reproduction, and utilization of CO2 laser as light source. The results show that the measurement accuracy of blood glucose concentration is enhanced almost to a clinical detection level.
Blood Glucose ; analysis ; Humans ; Hyperglycemia ; blood ; Spectrophotometry, Infrared ; methods

BACKGROUND: Candida parapsilosis is an important nosocomial pathogen that can form biofilms (slime) on prosthetic material and cause catheter- related bloodstream infections. Genetic heterogeneity has been reported within clinical isolates of C. parapsilosis, but clinical significance of these different genotypes is not clear. We investigated random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) genotypes of bloodstream isolates of C. parapsilosis and their relation to slime production. METHODS: Twenty-three bloodstream isolates and 20 strains from other sites were analyzed. For RAPD, five random 10-mer primers were used and the results were analyzed by the numerical taxonomy system and multivariate analysis system (NTSYS-pc). Slime production was evaluated by growing the organism in Sabouraud broth with 8% glucose and examining the walls of the tubes for the presence of an adherent slime layer. RESULTS: RAPD analysis separated 43 isolates of C. parapsilosis into four distinct genotypes. All 23 blood isolates belonged to type I, whereas the isolates from other sites consisted of type I (n=13), II (n=2), III (n=2) and IV (n=3). Eighty-three percent (19/23) of blood isolates were slime positive, whereas 50% (10/20) of isolates from other sites were slime positive. Slime positivity was observed in 81% (29/36) of type I isolates, in contrast to 0% (0/7) in all other types (types II~V). CONCLUSION: We suggest that C. parapsilosis isolates, which produce slime, are possibly of the same or similar RAPD type.
Biofilms ; Candida* ; Classification ; DNA* ; Genetic Heterogeneity ; Genotype ; Glucose ; Multivariate Analysis

Blood sugar and blood gas analysis changes caused by a 10 hour fast and a 15 hour fast were studied in sixtythree patients. In the 10 hour fast group, mean blood sugar level was 79.58+/-8.77mg/dl compared with the 15 hour fast group was 77.22+/-14.93 mg/dl. There were no remarkable changes on blood gas analysis for both the 10 hour fast group and 15 hour fast group. Neither age nor sex had any significant influence on blood sugar level or blood gas analysis. Thus, in order to make preoperative recommendations as well as to give appropriate intravenous fluids during and following operation, the anesthesiologist must be acquainted with the physiology of fasting.
Blood Gas Analysis* ; Blood Glucose* ; Fasting* ; Humans ; Physiology

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the clinical significance of the determination of glycosylated hemoglobin (HbAlc) in gestational abnormal glucose metabolism. METHODS: The level of fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and HbAlc in 540 normal gravida and 387 pregnant women with abnormal glucose metabolism was determined. Glucose challenge test (GCT) with 50 g glucose was done to those whose level of FPG was normal and 75 g glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was done to those whose GCT was abnormal. The levels of HbAlc of all subjects were assessed. And all subjects were divided into some groups according to the levels of HbA1c, to investigate the relationship between the complication and the levels of HbAlc. RESULTS: The positive rate of HbAlc in abnormal glucose metabolism pregnant women was 20.9%. It was not sensitive if diagnosed only by this sign. Diagnosis by both FPG and this sign could solve this problem. The incidence of complication was increasing with the rise of HbA1c titre in the study group. CONCLUSION The determination of HbAlc is important in the screening, diagnosing and assessing the prognoses of the gestational abnormal glucose metabolism.
Adult ; Blood Glucose ; analysis ; Diabetes, Gestational ; blood ; Female ; Glucose Intolerance ; blood ; Glucose Tolerance Test ; Glycated Hemoglobin A ; analysis ; Humans ; Predictive Value of Tests ; Pregnancy ; Pregnancy Complications ; blood