No abstract available.
Glucagon-Like Peptide 1*

No abstract available.
Glucagon-Like Peptide 1* ; Thyroid Neoplasms* ; Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor

No abstract available.
Glucagon-Like Peptide 1* ; Thyroid Neoplasms* ; Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor

At present, surgery has become one of the treatments for type 2 diabetes, but it is still unclear about the therapeutic mechanism. Many experiments has proved that the anatomical and physiological structure has been altered leading to significant changes related to the secretion of gastrointestinal hormones and neuropeptides. These molecular are related to the metabolism of glucose, functions of islet cells and sensitivity of insulin. Intensive studies of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) play an important role in the surgical treatment of diabetes and now it has gained increasing recognition. However, GLP-1 must be combined with GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R) to execute its function. In this paper we reviewed the role of GLP-1 and its receptor in the mechanism of metabolic surgery.
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 ; surgery ; Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 ; Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor ; Humans ; Receptors, Glucagon

Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 ; Humans ; Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

The prevalence of type 2 diabetes (T2D) is increasing worldwide. Patients with T2D suffer from various diabetes-related complications. Since there are many patients with T2D that cannot be controlled by previously developed drugs, it has been necessary to develop new drugs, one of which is a glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) based therapy. GLP-1 has been shown to ameliorate diabetes-related conditions by augmenting pancreatic β-cell insulin secretion and having the low risk of causing hypoglycemia. Because of a very short half-life of GLP-1, many researches have been focused on the development of GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R) agonists with long half-lives such as exenatide and dulaglutide. Now GLP-1R agonists have a variety of dosing-cycle forms to meet the needs of various patients. In this article, we review the physiological features of GLP-1, the effects of GLP-1 on T2D, the features of several GLP-1R agonists, and the therapeutic effect on T2D.
Diabetes Complications ; Glucagon-Like Peptide 1* ; Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor* ; Half-Life ; Humans ; Hypoglycemia ; Insulin ; Prevalence

Recently, incretin hormone-based therapies, including glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) analogues and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors, have become the main therapeutic tools in the hyperglycemia management in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. These therapeutic agents could fill an important gap in glycemic control for patients with type 2 diabetes because the incretin response is blunted in type 2 diabetes mellitus. GLP-1 analogues can be classified as exendin-4 backbone (Exenatide, Exenatide LAR and Lixisenatide) and human GLP-1 backbone (Liraglutide, Taspoglutide and Albiglutide). Among these, Exenatide, Exenatide LAR and Liraglutide are currently available. This review will focus on the clinical efficacies of GLP-1 analogues in glycemic control for patients with diabetes.
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 ; Glucagon ; Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 ; Humans ; Hyperglycemia ; Incretins ; Peptides ; Venoms ; Liraglutide

Recent advances in incretin biology have led to the development of a new class of oral anti-diabetic drugs. To date, there are two known incretin hormones, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), of which the former is a more important therapeutic target for type 2 diabetes. GLP-1 is secreted by intestinal L-cells in response to oral nutrient intake, and it stimulates insulin secretion and suppresses glucagon secretion in a glucose-dependent manner. However, both GLP-1 and GIP are rapidly degraded by dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4), a multifunctional type II transmembrane glycoprotein. Thus, several DPP-4 inhibitors with different pharmacologic features are now available and can be used either as monotherapy or in combination with other anti-diabetic agents for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. In both therapeutic regimens, DPP-4 inhibitors have been shown to reduce hemoglobin A1c levels by approximately 0.5-0.8%. In clinical trials, DPP-4 inhibitors were generally well-tolerated, posed a low risk of hypoglycemia, and did not increase body weight. Despite some reports of a possible increased risk of pancreatitis with GLP-1 receptor agonists and DPP-4 inhibitors, no causal associations have been found. Recent randomized controlled clinical trials have shown that DPP-4 inhibitors did not increase or decrease the rates of major adverse cardiovascular events in patients with type 2 diabetes at high risk of cardiovascular disease, even though this class of anti-diabetic agents had various salutary effects in many studies involving animals or healthy and diabetic humans. Additional studies will be required to resolve these disparate conclusions.
Animals ; Biology ; Body Weight ; Cardiovascular Diseases ; Glucagon ; Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 ; Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor ; Glycoproteins ; Humans ; Hypoglycemia ; Incretins ; Insulin ; Pancreatitis

It is well known that both insulin resistance and decreased insulin secretory capacity are important factors in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). In addition to genetic factors, obesity and lipotoxicity can increase the risk of T2DM. Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists are novel antidiabetic drugs with multiple effects. They can stimulate glucose-dependent insulin secretion, inhibit postprandial glucagon release, delay gastric emptying, and induce pancreatic β-cell proliferation. They can also reduce the weight of patients with T2DM and relieve lipotoxicity at the cellular level. Many intracellular targets of GLP-1 have been found, but more remain to be identified. Elucidating these targets could be a basis for developing new potential drugs. My colleagues and I have investigated new targets of GLP-1, with a particular focus on pancreatic β-cell lines and hepatic cell lines. Herein, I summarize the recent work from my laboratory, with profound gratitude for receiving the prestigious 2016 Namgok Award.
Awards and Prizes ; Diabetes Mellitus ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 ; Gastric Emptying ; Glucagon ; Glucagon-Like Peptide 1* ; Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor ; Hepatocytes* ; Humans ; Hypoglycemic Agents ; Insulin ; Insulin Resistance ; Obesity

New therapeutics for type 2 diabetes using incretin hormone were introduced recently. Incretin-based therapies consist of two types: GLP-1 agonists mainly acting on the GLP-1 receptor and dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitors (DPP-4 inhibitors). The former is resistant to DPP-4 and injectable. The latter is oral medications raising endogenous GLP-1 by inhibiting the degrading enzyme DPP-4. The incretin based therapies are promising and more commonly used due to their action and safety profile. Stimulation of insulin secretion by these drugs occurs in a glucose-dependent manner. Incretin based therapies have low risk for hypoglycemia. The subsequent review outlines evidence from selected clinical trials of the currently available GLP-1 agonists, exenatide and liraglutide, and DPP-4 inhibitors, sitagliptin and vildagliptin.
Adamantane ; Dipeptidyl-Peptidase IV Inhibitors ; Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 ; Hypoglycemia ; Incretins ; Insulin ; Nitriles ; Peptides ; Pyrazines ; Pyrrolidines ; Receptors, Glucagon ; Triazoles ; Venoms ; Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor ; Liraglutide ; Sitagliptin Phosphate