The present study examines the effects of orthodontic treatment of surgically exposed impacted upper canines or ectopically erupted upper canines to periodontal condition and whether various opening procedures have significant difference in postoperative periodontal status. The subjects included 23 orthodontic patients(7 men, 16 women) with unilateral upper canine impaction treated either with closed eruption technique(group I), with apically positioned flap procedure(group II), and those with canines ectopically erupted through keratinized gingiva(group III). In each subject, the ectopic canine was orthodontically aligned, and changes in periodontal tissue were assessed by measuring keratinized gingival width, attached gingival width, probing depth and bone probing depth. In all three groups, the width of keratinized gingiva was preserved while showed no signs of detrimental periodontal condition such as gingival recession. In all three groups, no significant difference in periodontal pocket depth from control was observed. The width of attached gingiva was significantly greater in patients treated with apically positioned flap procedure(group II) than in patients on other groups.
Cuspid* ; Gingiva ; Gingival Recession ; Humans ; Male ; Periodontal Pocket

Periodontal surgery can be directed to remove the irritants from the tooth surface and reduce the periodontal pocket. The purpose of this study is to compare the clinical effects after between modified Widman flap and modified flap in periodontal patients. Ninety six molar area teeth of 9 patients were used. One of sextants performed a modified Widman flap, while the other side performed a modified flap. After initial periodontal therapy, the following measurements prior to surgery(baseline) were taken : pocket depth, gingival recession, clinical attachment level, tooth mobility, bleeding on probing. Also these measurements were taken at 4 weeks, 8weeks, and 12 weeks after surgery. Significant decrease of pocket depth was shown in both techniques, and the degree of decrease was significant in modified flap than modified Widman flap at 12 weeks. Significant increase of gingival recession was shown in both techniques, and the degree of increase was significant in modified Widman flap than modified flap at 4 weeks, 8 weeks, and 12 weeks. Significant attachment gain was shown in both techniques, and the degree of increase was significant in modified flap than modified Widman flap at 4 weeks, 8 weeks, and 12 weeks. Significant increase of tooth mobility was shown in both techniques at 4 weeks, but the decrease of tooth mobility was shown at 12 weeks. Greater decrease of bleeding on probing was shown in both techniques at 4 weeks. Modified flap was better than modified Widman flap in the decrease of gingival recession and the attachment gain. These results indicate that modified flap operation is better than modified Widman flap operation in the effect of periodontal treatment.
Gingival Recession ; Hemorrhage ; Humans ; Irritants ; Molar ; Periodontal Pocket ; Tooth ; Tooth Mobility

Gingival recession is exposure of the root surface with apical shift in the position of gingiva. The incidence of gingival recession is 8% in children and 100% after the age of 50. Recession tends to be found in patients with healthy gingiva, but more frequentely found in patients with periodontal disease, and it often causes mucogingival defects. Buccal surface of premolar is the area not only for severe gingival recession and cervical abrasion, but also the area of numbers of buccal frenum and less keratinized gingiva. Therefore, the goal of this study was to observe the patients with periodontitis and examine whether there are clinical relations between gingival recession and cervical abrasion of premolar and other factors related with the condition of periodontal health. Generally healthy 218 patients who had periodontal disease such as gingivitis and periodontitis, aged between 18 and 78, were examined for depth of periodontal poket, width of attached gingiva, gingival recession, cervical abrasion, and frenum of mid-buccal surface of premolar at the Department of Periodontics in Dankook University Dental Hospital and following is the result. 1.The average gingival recession and cervical abrasion of premolar with periodontal disease was 0.76mm and 0.29mm and each has 43% and 14% of incidence. Also the width of attached gingiva of mid-buccal surface was 1.77mm. The average periodontal pocket depth is 2.0mm and 47% of frenum were related. The frenum more frequently seen was narrow single shaped frenum, and the interdistance of the frenum was mostly over 4mm. 2.With statistical significance(P<0.05), the incidence of gingival recession increased with age and was related much more with female than male, the first premolar than the second premolar, and with narrow attached gingiva and frenum. 3.With statistical significance(P<0.05), the incidence of cervical abrasion increased with age and was related with the area of the first premolar and narrow attached gingiva, but the sexual and frenum differences were not statistically significant (P>0.05). 4.The severity of gingival recession increased with age and was more related with female than male, the first premolar than the second premolar. And the area of narrow attached gingiva and frenum showed more gingival recession and the distance of frenum was more highly related than shape, and they were statistically significant (P<0.05). 5. With statistical significance(P<0.05), the severity of cervical abrasion increase with age and was observed at the first premolar and narrow attached gingiva. But the sexual and frenum differences were not statistically significant (P>0.05).
Bicuspid ; Child ; Female ; Gingiva ; Gingival Recession* ; Gingivitis ; Humans ; Incidence ; Male ; Periodontal Diseases ; Periodontal Pocket ; Periodontics ; Periodontitis

In the treatment of chronic adult periodontitis, scaling and root planing have been generally performed prior to periodontal flap surgery. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical significance of non-surgical periodontal therapy prior to periodontal flap surgery in patients with chronic adult periodontitis. Fifty six molars showing bilateral bony defects and 4-6mm periodontal pocket in twelve patients with chronic adult periodontitis were selected. By randomized split-mouth design, in one side, flap operation was performed 4 weeks after scaling and root planing, in the other group, flap operation was only performed without scaling and root planing. Probing pocket depth, gingival recession, clinical attachment level, gingival index, plaque index, and tooth mobility were measured at baseline, before flap operation and post-operation 12 weeks. The difference of clinical parameters between groups and between each measuring time was statistically analyzed. The results were as follows; 1. At 12 weeks after flap operation, there was no significant difference in probing pocket depth, gingival recession, clinical attachment level, gingival index, plaque index and tooth mobility between groups(p<0.05). 2. In both groups, probing pocket depth, gingival recession, clinical attachment level, gingival index, plaque index and tooth mobility were significantly improved at 12 weeks after flap operation compared to baseline(p<0.05). Within the limitation of short period, the results failed to demonstrate that the non-surgical periodontal therapy prior to periodontal flap surgery could have clinical significance in improvement of clinical parameters compared to periodontal surgery without non-surgical periodontal therapy.
Chronic Periodontitis ; Gingival Recession ; Humans ; Molar ; Periodontal Index ; Periodontal Pocket ; Root Planing ; Tooth Mobility

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical effects of erythritol powder air polishing device (EPAP) in addition to scaling and root planing (SRP) in non-surgical periodontal treatment in moderate chronic periodontitis patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Clinical evaluation was performed at 21 sites treated with SRP (control) and 21 sites treated with the addition of SRP+EPAP (test). All examinations were performed before treatment, 1 month after treatment, and 3 months after treatment. Depth of the periodontal pocket, gingival recession, clinical attachment level, plaque index, and bleeding of probing were measured as clinical parameters. RESULTS: In both test and control groups, there was a significant decrease in the depth of the periodontal pocket, plaque index, bleeding of probing, increased gingival recession, and gain of clinical attachment level at 1 month and 3 months after treatment. However, there was no significant clinical difference between the test group and the control group. Clinical result was improved after 1 month compared to the baseline; in contrast, results at 3 months after treatment were worse than at 1 month after treatment. CONCLUSION: In this study, we cannot suggest that SRP + EPAP is clinically more effective than SRP alone as non-surgical periodontal treatments. Periodic periodontal therapy, at intervals of at least every three months, is important for sustaining effects of this treatment.
Chronic Periodontitis ; Clinical Study ; Dental Scaling ; Erythritol ; Gingival Recession ; Hemorrhage ; Humans ; Periodontal Pocket ; Periodontitis ; Root Planing ; Treatment Outcome

Root surfaces affected by periodontal disease undergo various forms of changes. Cementum exposure from gingival recession may result in absorption of calcium, phosphorus, and fluoride and subsequent hypermineralization and increased radiodensity. Although some reports have suggested that inorganic content with root cementum might show various changes depending upon age or extent of periodontal disease, but no consensus can be reached regarding the the distribution of various elements. The present study examines the difference in mineral content between healthy and periodontal diseased roots by analyzing three areas per tooth along the root surface in cervico-apical direction using electron probe and scanning electron microscope. Healthy tooth that was extracted for orthodontic purpose was used as control. Experimental teeth include those with periodontal pocket depth exceeding 6mm and those with gingival recession and periodontal pocket depth of 2-4mm. Levels of Ca, P, Mg and Na were measured using wavelength dispersive x-ray spectrometer at three areas per tooth. The examined areas were located apical to cemento-enamel junction in control and periodontal ligament-depleted areas in experimental teeth. The corresponding areas were also examined with scanning electron microscope(x70) The results are as follows. 1. Minerals were detected in order of Ca, P, Mg and Na. In all root surfaces, levels of Ca and P were higher in dentin than in cementum. 2. Level of Mg was twice as high in dentin than in cementum. There was no significant difference in the level of Mg and Na between normal and periodontal diseased roots or between the various locations in the same root. 3. Level of Ca and P in the surface cementum showed no difference between normal and periodontal diseased root, although the areas in dentin with high level of either ion also showed high level of corresponding ion incementum. 4. Difference in the Ca and P content between various locations within the same root was noted, although no coherent pattern existed. These results suggest that although the mineral content of the root cementum in periodontitis-affected tooth is affected by exogenous ions from saliva and food, but there was no difference in the mineral contents between normal and periodontally diseased root.
Absorption ; Calcium ; Consensus ; Dental Cementum ; Dentin ; Electron Probe Microanalysis* ; Fluorides ; Gingival Recession ; Ions ; Minerals ; Periodontal Diseases ; Periodontal Pocket ; Phosphorus ; Saliva ; Tooth

PURPOSE: The present study has two aims; firstly, it attempts to verify the presence of oxidative stress by estimating the reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in periodontal pockets > or =5 mm as compared to controls. The second aim is to evaluate the effect of lycopene as a locally delivered antioxidant gel on periodontal health and on the gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) levels of 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), a marker of oxidative injury. METHODS: Thirty-one subjects participated in this study. In the pretreatment phase, the ROS levels in pockets > or =5 mm were measured by flow cytometry. Three sites in each subject were randomly assigned into each of the following experimental groups: sham group, only scaling and root planing (SRP) was done; placebo group, local delivery of placebo gel after SRP; and lycopene group, local delivery of lycopene gel after SRP. Clinical parameters included recording site-specific measures of GCF 8-OHdG, plaque, gingivitis, probing depth, and clinical attachment level. RESULTS: The gel, when delivered to the sites with oxidative stress, was effective in increasing clinical attachment and in reducing gingival inflammation, probing depth, and 8-OHdG levels as compared to the placebo and sham sites. CONCLUSIONS: From this trial conducted over a period of 6 months, it was found that locally delivered lycopene seems to be effective in reducing the measures of oxidative stress and periodontal disease.
Antioxidants ; Carotenoids ; Deoxyguanosine ; Flow Cytometry ; Gingival Crevicular Fluid ; Gingivitis ; Inflammation ; Oxidative Stress ; Periodontal Diseases ; Periodontal Pocket ; Periodontitis ; Reactive Oxygen Species ; Root Planing ; Salicylamides

Dogs commonly serve as a model for various human conditions, including periodontal diseases. The aim of this study was to identify the anaerobic bacteria that colonize the subgingival areas in dogs and humans by using rapid real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR)-based tests and to compare the results obtained in each species. Bacterial microflora evaluations, both quantitative and qualitative, were performed by applying ready-made tests on twelve dogs and twelve humans. Five samples were collected from each subject's deepest gingival pockets and joined to form a collective sample. The results of the study revealed interspecies similarities in the prevalences of Porphyromonas (P.) gingivalis, Treponema denticola, Tannerella forsythia, and Fusobacterium nucleatum. Red complex bacteria comprised the largest portion of the studied bacterial complexes in all study groups, with P. gingivalis being the most commonly isolated bacterium. The results show similarities in the prevalence of bacterial microflora in dogs and humans. Microbiological analysis of gingival pockets by using rapid real-time PCR-based tests in clinical practice, both veterinary and human, can facilitate the choice of appropriate pharmacological treatment and can provide a basis for subsequent verification of the treatment's effectiveness.
Animals ; Bacteria ; Bacteria, Anaerobic ; Colon ; Dogs ; Forsythia ; Fusobacterium nucleatum ; Gingival Pocket ; Humans* ; Periodontal Diseases* ; Porphyromonas ; Prevalence ; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Treponema denticola

OBJECTIVETo describe the periodontal condition of population in Qinghai province and provide basic data for the diseases prevention.

METHODSReferring to the guideline for the third national oral health survey, the method of multistage, stratified, equal capacity, simple random sampling was carried out in population of 12, 35-44, and 65-74 years old in Qinghai province. Gingival bleeding, calculus, periodontal pocket and loss of attachment of population were investigated.

RESULTS1) In 12, 35-44, 65-74 age groups, the prevalence of gingival bleeding was 98.74%, 97.84%, 92.23%, the prevalence of calculus was 89.76%, 99.87%, 92.87%. 2) In 35-44 age group, the prevalence of shallow periodontal pocket was 34.64%, the prevalence of deep periodontal pocket was 5.58%. In 65-74 age group, the prevalence of shallow periodontal pocket was 50.45%, the prevalence of deep periodontal pocket was 13.12%. 3) In 35-44 age group, the prevalence of 4-5, 6-8, 9-11, 12 mm or more loss of attachment was 40.74%, 18.78%, 4.82%, 1.78%. In 65-74 age group, the prevalence of 4-5, 6-8, 9-11, 12 mm or more loss of attachment was 71.21%, 51.34%, 20.51%, 7.01%.

CONCLUSIONThe oral health condition of population in Qinghai province is very poor. The periodontal pocket and loss of attachment was severely. The disease prevention should be strengthen in Qinghai province.

Adult ; Dental Calculus ; Dental Health Surveys ; Female ; Gingival Hemorrhage ; Humans ; Middle Aged ; Periodontal Attachment Loss ; Periodontal Diseases ; Periodontal Index ; Periodontal Pocket ; Prevalence

BACKGROUND: The mandibular third molar (M3) is typically the last permanent tooth to erupt because of insufficient space and thick soft tissues covering its surface. Problems such as alveolar bone loss, development of a periodontal pocket, exposure of cementum, gingival recession, and dental caries can be found in the adjacent second molars (M2) following M3 extraction. The specific aims of the study were to assess the amount and rate of bone regeneration on the distal surface of M2 and to evaluate the aspects of bone regeneration in terms of varying degree of impaction. METHODS: Four series of panoramic radiographic images were obtained from the selected cases, including images from the first visit, immediately after extraction, 6 weeks, and 6 months after extraction. ImageJ software® (NIH, USA) was used to measure linear distance from the region of interest to the distal root of the adjacent M2. Radiographic infrabony defect (RID) values were calculated from the measured radiographic bone height and cementoenamel junction with distortion compensation. Repeated measures of analysis of variance and one-way analysis of variance were conducted to analyze the statistical significant difference between RID and time, and a Spearman correlation test was conducted to assess the relationship between Pederson’s difficulty index (DI) and RID. RESULTS: A large RID (> 6 mm) can be reduced gradually and consistently over time. More than half of the samples recovered nearly to their normal healthy condition (RID ≤ 3 mm) by the 6-month follow-up. DI affected the first 6 weeks of post-extraction period and only showed a significant positive correlation with respect to the difference between baseline and final RID. CONCLUSIONS: Additional treatments on M2 for a minimum of 6 months after an M3 extraction could be recommended. Although DI may affect bone regeneration during the early healing period, further study is required to elucidate any possible factors associated with the healing process. The DI does not cause any long-term adverse effects on bone regeneration after surgical extraction.
Alveolar Bone Loss ; Bone Regeneration ; Compensation and Redress ; Dental Caries ; Dental Cementum ; Follow-Up Studies ; Gingival Recession ; Molar ; Molar, Third ; Periodontal Pocket ; Retrospective Studies ; Tooth ; Tooth Cervix