Mucogingival surgery is a general term for periodontal surgeries that correct aberrant periodontal soft tissues. Conventional mucogingival surgeries with pedicle flap or autologous soft tissue graft for treatment of gingival recession and insufficient keratinized tissues are always related to disadvantages such as need for a second surgery site, limited supplies, and complaints for postoperative discomfort. In this regard, research and application of soft tissue substitutes have gained increasing attention. Various kinds of soft tissue substitutes, including acellular dermal matrix and xenogeneic collagen matrix, have been developed and applied to clinical treatment. This review aims to summarize advances in research of the characteristics and clinical effectiveness of several soft tissue substitutes and provide references for clinical application.
Gingiva ; Gingival Recession ; surgery ; Humans ; Tooth Root

Alveolar Process ; surgery ; Dental Implantation, Endosseous ; methods ; Esthetics, Dental ; Gingiva ; surgery ; Humans

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and long-term stability of tunnel technique (TUN) and coronally advanced flap (CAF) combined with connective tissue graft (CTG) in treating gingival recession. METHODS: Databases including PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, and CNKI were electronically searched to collect randomized controlled trial (RCT) of CAF+CTG compared to TUN+CTG in the treatment of Miller class Ⅰ or Ⅱ gingival recession on September 1, 2022. RESULTS: There were 8 RCTs with 305 patients (454 recession sites) participating. The results of the Meta-analysis revealed that, in terms of mean root coverage (MRC) of main indicators, no significant difference was found between the CAF group and the TUN group in both short- and long-term results, which were [MD: 1.45%, 95%CI (-2.93%, 5.82%), P=0.52] and [MD: -0.70%, 95%CI (-6.41%, 5.00%), P=0.81]. However, the CAF group outperformed the TUN group in the long term [MD: 5.69%, 95%CI (0.87%, 10.50%), P=0.02], and the results of complete root coverage (CRC) analysis were similar to those of MRC. In the short term, the TUN group grew keratinized gingiva significantly faster than the CAF group [MD: -0.38 mm, 95%CI (-0.67 mm, -0.10 mm), P=0.008]. Long-term findings revealed no significant difference between the two groups [MD: -0.26 mm, 95%CI (-0.94 mm, 0.43 mm), P=0.46]. The TUN group's secondary index root coverage esthetic score (RES) was statistically significantly higher than the CAF group's [MD: 0.62, 95%CI (0.28, 0.96), P=0.000 3]. Given that there were few results included in the literature and the heterogeneity was too great, no significant difference was observed in the postoperative VAS pain index score [MD: 0.53, 95%CI (-1.96, 3.03), P=0.68]. CONCLUSIONS This study discovered that both CAF+CTG and TUN+CTG can achieve good root coverage in treating gingival recession, with CAF outperforming TUN and both groups achie-ving good long-term stability. After the operation, the TUN group had a higher RES than the CAF group. Given the limitations of this study, more high-quality studies are needed in the future to demonstrate the efficacy of TUN in gingival retraction surgery.
Humans ; Gingival Recession/surgery* ; Treatment Outcome ; Tooth Root ; Esthetics, Dental ; Gingiva/surgery*

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to evaluate the clinical effect of periodontal microscopic surgery on the augmentation of attached gingiva and determined the clinical principle on how to use minimally invasive surgery to improve the surgery success rate. METHODS: Twenty patients with insufficient attached gingiva around implants were selected. Periodontal microscopic surgery for free gingival graft was performed to increase the width of the attached gingiva around the implants. The survival state of the free gingiva was observed after surgery, and the width of the attached gingiva around the implants was recorded before and after surgery and 1 year after surgery. The shrinkage rate of the free gingival flap 1 year after surgery was analyzed to evaluate the stability of the flap. RESULTS: The flaps of the 20 cases all survived. One year after the operation, the width of the attached gingiva was (3.05±0.44) mm, which increased compared with that of preoperation (2.56±0.31) mm
and decreased compared with that of postoperative day (2.13±0.28) mm. The shrinkage rate of the attached gingiva was 41.22%±5.04%. CONCLUSIONS The application of microscopic surgery on the augmentation surgery of attached gingiva can increase the success rate and improve the quality and quantity of attached gingiva around implants.
Dental Implants ; Gingiva ; surgery ; Humans ; Microsurgery ; Oral Surgical Procedures ; Surgical Flaps

Humans ; Gingival Recession/surgery* ; Gingivoplasty/methods* ; Connective Tissue/transplantation* ; Treatment Outcome ; Gingiva/transplantation* ; Tooth Root

PURPOSE: The objective of this study was to compare and evaluate the inflammatory responses of three widely used suture materials in the keratinized gingiva and buccal mucosa of beagle dogs. METHODS: Silk, polyglycolic acid, and nylon sutures were placed within the mandibular keratinized gingiva and maxillary buccal mucosa of four male beagle dogs. Biopsies were taken 3, 7, and 14 days after suturing. Specimens were prepared with hematoxylin-eosin stain for evaluation under a light microscope. RESULTS: The suture materials placed in the oral mucosa elicited more inflammatory reactions than did those placed in the keratinized gingiva. The multifilament suture materials caused more inflammatory tissue reactions than did the monofilament suture materials in the oral mucosa. CONCLUSIONS: If oral hygiene is well maintained and suture materials are placed in the keratinized gingiva, silk, nylon, and polyglycolic acid are considered to be proper suture materials for oral surgery. However, it is advisable to use monofilament suture materials if the suture site is within the oral mucosa.
Animals ; Biopsy ; Dogs ; Gingiva ; Humans ; Keratins ; Light ; Male ; Mouth Mucosa ; Nylons ; Oral Hygiene ; Polyglycolic Acid ; Silk ; Surgery, Oral ; Sutures

OBJECTS: With the advancement of tissue engineering techniques, the effort to develop bioartificial mucosa have been actively delivered. The problem we met with this technique is the lack of mechanical strength between kerationocyte layer and dermal layer, where in the normal skin and mucosa, they are tightly bound with rete ridge structure. The purpose of this study is to understand the 2D and 3D structure of rete ridge of mucosa and skin paddle for rendering more biomimetic structure to the artificial mucosa. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Oral mucosa and skin from the patients who received the oral surgery and maxillofacial reconstruction were harvested. The epidermis was separated from the dermis after treating with dispase for 12-16 hours. H and E staining was performed for 2D(dimensional) structure study and confocal LASER and SEM study were performed for 3D structure. Mean height(Sc) and arithmetic mean deviation(Sa) of all surface height were calculated. RESULTS: The average height of rete ridge of skin flap was between 67.14micrometer and 194.55micrometer. That of oral mucosa was between 146.26micrometer and 167.51micrometer. Pressure bearing area and attached gingiva of oral mucosa showed deeper rete ridges. CONCLUSION: To obtain the adequate strength of artificially cultured keratinocyte skin and mucosa flap, it is necessary to imitate the original skin and mucosa structure, especially rete ridge. Through this study, 2D and 3D rete ridge structure of normal mucosa and skin was obtained. These results can be used as basis for substrate morphology for keratinocytes culture.
Biomimetics ; Dermis ; Epidermis ; Free Tissue Flaps* ; Gingiva ; Humans ; Keratinocytes ; Mouth Mucosa* ; Mucous Membrane ; Skin* ; Surgery, Oral ; Tissue Engineering

Adult ; Chromium Alloys ; adverse effects ; Crowns ; adverse effects ; Female ; Foreign Bodies ; etiology ; Foreign-Body Reaction ; Gingiva ; surgery ; Gingival Hyperplasia ; etiology ; surgery ; Gingivectomy ; Humans ; Metal Ceramic Alloys ; adverse effects

OBJECTIVETo investigate the clinical results of use of healing abutment for sealing socket and preserving the gingival natural profile in single-tooth immediate implantation.

METHODSThe osteotomy site was prepared with pilot drill directed by the periodontal probe on palatal wall of the socket,and 31 single-implant were placed into fresh sockets with flapless surgery and filled with Bio-oss. Healing abutments were simultaneously fitted on implants and ceramic crowns fabricated three months post-operation. Scientific assessment of soft tissue contour was carried out by interdental papillae index immediately after restorations.

RESULTSOne implant was lost at second week after operation. The remaining 30 implants gained perfect osseointegration and the gingival natural profile was preserved completely.

CONCLUSIONSSealing socket and preserving the gingival natural profile by healing abutment is a predictable, safe and practical method with good aesthetic results in single-tooth immediate implantation.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Child ; Dental Implantation, Endosseous ; methods ; Dental Implants, Single-Tooth ; Female ; Gingiva ; surgery ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Minerals ; Tooth Socket ; surgery ; Young Adult

OBJECTIVETo analyze and find factors affecting the height of adjacent gingival papilla of maxillary central incisor single implant in human in order to promote the esthetic result of dental implants.

METHODSSixteen maxillary central incisor single implants of 16 patients and 30 sites of adjacent tissues and prosthesis were evaluated. Data on the height of adjacent gingival papilla of dental implant and relative factors were obtained from clinical parameters, photographs, research models, and X radiographs.

RESULTSThe mean and standard deviation of adjacent gingival papilla height of maxillary central incisor single implant were (4.01 +/- 1.85) mm. Statistical analysis revealed that factors affecting the height of adjacent gingival papilla of implant were as following from strong to weak: vertical distance between contact point and gingival margin, vertical distance between proximal bone level of natural tooth and implant abutment, vertical distance between proximal bone level of natural tooth and contact point, proximal protruding degree of crown, horizontal distance between abutment and root, length ratio of the crown and fixture, vertical distance between proximal bone level of implant and abutment, lip-side protruding degree of crown, probing depth.

CONCLUSIONSMultiple factors affected the height of adjacent gingival papilla of maxillary central incisor single implant in human.

Adult ; Aged ; Dental Implants, Single-Tooth ; Esthetics, Dental ; Female ; Gingiva ; anatomy & histology ; Humans ; Incisor ; surgery ; Linear Models ; Male ; Maxilla ; surgery ; Middle Aged ; Young Adult