No abstract available.
Animals ; Gills ; Humans ; Students, Medical

This study was performed in order to investigate the effects of taurine on cadmium poisoning in muscle, gill, and bone tissues of wild goldfish. For this experiment, 80 wild goldfish were divided into four experimental groups: 0.3 mg/L of cadmium and 0 mg/L of taurine (Group I), 0.3 mg/L of cadmium and 20 mg/kg of taurine (Group II), 0.3 mg/L of cadmium and 40 mg/L of taurine (Group III), and 0.3 mg/L of cadmium and 80 mg/L of taurine (Group IV). The results were as follows: The cadmium concentration in muscle tissue of wild goldfish was 0.65-3.21 mg/kg wet wt in Group I, whereas it decreased in Group IV. Levels of cadmium in gill tissue of wild goldfish were 16.57-42.39 mg/kg wet wt in Group I, 15.23-43.01 mg/kg wet wt in Group II, 15.11-39.56 mg/kg wet wt in Group III, and 13.15-38.55 mg/kg wet wt in Group IV (P < 0.05), suggesting that the cadmium concentration decreased in the experimental groups compared to control. The cadmium concentration in bone tissue of wild goldfish after 28 days was 0.52-9.75 mg/kg in Group II, whereas it increased in Group III (P < 0.05). In conclusion, taurine may have a preventive effect against cadmium accumulation in biological tissues.
Animals ; Bone and Bones ; Cadmium ; Cadmium Poisoning ; Gills ; Goldfish ; Muscles ; Taurine

OBJECTIVES: Criteria for evaluating the results of treating low back pain vary widely. We examined the methods measuring the outcome in the papers of Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society. METHODS: We selected all published articles describing the methods measuring the outcome of low back pain in the journal. They were classified into 3 periods such as period 1 for volume 1-20, 2 for volume 21-25, and 3 for volume 26-28. RESULTS: There are 25 articles in period 1, 44 in period 2, and 30 in period 3. The outcome was classified into 0 to 5 classes by more than 15 different methods. Although the terms and descriptive criteria differ, 4 classes were the most common classification, being 16 in period 1, 39 in period 2, and 19 in period 3. The outcome was usually measured by authors' own method in period 1. In period 2, criteria by Gill et al was most commonly used along with many different criteria. Criteria by Prolo et al became a common method in period 3. CONCLUSION: Varying methods compromised comparative analyses of outcome. A more simple and universally applicable criteria is necessary to facilitate comparisons among various methods of treatment.
Animals ; Classification ; Gills ; Humans ; Low Back Pain* ; Spine

The genets of Suillus granulatus in a Pinus strobus stand (13 m × 60 m) were identified using random amplified polymorphic DNA molecular markers and the DNA of mushrooms that fruited for two years, and variations in genet size and distribution were analyzed. From a total of 116 mushrooms, 73 genets were identified and were grouped into three locations. The genets of mushrooms in close proximity differed from each other. The genet sizes varied at any of the three locations. The lengths of the identified genets in the pine stand ranged from 0.09 to 2.90 m. The average number of mushrooms per genet was 1.2 to 2.3, and the percentage of genets that were represented by a single mushroom was 44% to 94%. This variation in the genets of mushrooms in close proximity suggests that the ectomycorrhizal mycelial bodies of S. granulatus propagated sexually by fusing haploid spores derived from the mushrooms gills with below-ground mycelia. Therefore, it is necessary further to investigate the formation of new genets through spores in ectomycorrhizal fungal colonies.
Agaricales ; Animals ; DNA ; Fruit* ; Gills ; Haploidy ; Pinus* ; Spores ; Viverridae

Mushroom cultivation has been started recently in Bangladesh. Awareness of the nutritional and medicinal importance of mushrooms is not extensive. In this study, the nutritional values of dietary mushrooms- Pleurotus ostreatus, Pleurotus sajorcaju, Pleurotus florida and Calocybe indica that are very popular among the cultivated mushrooms in Bangladesh have been determined. These mushrooms were rich in proteins (20~25%) and fibers (13~24% in dry samples) and contained a lower amount of lipid (4 to 5%). The carbohydrate contents ranged from 37 to 48% (on the basis of dry weight). These were also rich in mineral contents (total ash content is 8~13%). The pileus and gills were protein and lipid rich and stripe was carbohydrate and fiber-rich. The moisture content of mushrooms ranged from 86 to 87.5%. Data of this study suggest that mushrooms are rich in nutritional value.
Agaricales ; Animals ; Bangladesh ; Florida ; Gills ; Minerals ; Nutritive Value ; Pleurotus ; Proteins

This study was performed to investigate the heavy metal contents of freshwater fishes. The samples of 24 species were collected at 7 areas located on the Mankyung River during September in 1987. And then the contents of lead, cadmium, copper and zine were analyzed by atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The results were summarized as follows ; 1. The mean value of lead, cadmium, and copper contents of fishes collected in the downstream were significantly higher than those of upstream. 2. The mean lead content of C. auratus was the highest 1.50+/-0.98 microgram/g in viscera and statistically significant difference from muscle content. 3. The mean cadmium content of C. auratus was the highest 0.087+/-0.054 microgram/g and significantly higher than that of muscle, skeleton and gill. 4. In the copper contents, the viscera of C. auratus was the highest 5.25+/-0.94 microgram/g and significantly higher than that of muscle, skeleton and gill. 5. The mean value of zinc content of C. auratus was shown the order of gill, skeleton, viscera and muscle.
Absorption ; Animals ; Cadmium ; Copper ; Fishes* ; Fresh Water* ; Gills ; Rivers* ; Skeleton ; Viscera ; Zinc

STUDY DESIGN AND OBJECTS: This is a retrospective study designed to compare the surgical treatment results between postero-lateral fusion(PLF) and posterior lumbar interbody fusion(PLIF) with pedicle screw fixation for the low grade lumbar isthmic spondylolisthesis with neurologic deficit. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty-one patients were operated from 1990 to 1996, but 9 patients were lost to follow-up, and we analyzed 32 patients with an average 38 months(range:24-65 months) follow-up. Twenty-one patients were operated by pos-terolateral fusion(group A) and 11 patients were operated by posterior lumbar interbody fusion(group B). Age ranged from 18 to 69 years with an average of 44.1 years old. The mean duration of symptom was 26.4 months. Slip angle, percentage of slippage, bone union and complications were considered as an assessment criteria. For the functional results we used Kim's functional evaluation scale. We used two-way ANOVA and chi -square test for the statistical analysis. RESULTS: The average preoperative slip angle was 6.8degree, postoperative 9.6degreeand last follow-up was 6.9degreein group A and the changes were -0.3degree, 3.6degreeand 1.9degreerespectively in group B. In percentage of slippage, mean pre-operative value was 22.1%, post-operative 19.3% and last follow up was 20.7% in group A. And the changes were 25%, 8.2%, and 8.3% in group B respectively. In bone union, definitive solid union was obtained in 19 cases (90.4%) of group A, and in 10 cases(91%) of group B. Satisfactory functional outcome were obtained in 85.7% of group A and 90.9% of group B according to the Kim's evaluation criteria. There were no significant statistical difference in the changes of slip angle, status of bone union, complications and functional out-come(P>0.05) between group A and group B. But posterior lumbar interbody fuison was superior in the ability and maintenance of reduction compared with posterolateral fusion(p=0.020).. SUMMARY: Both posterolateral fusion and posterior lumbar interbody fusion with Gill procedure and pedicle screw fixation could be reliable surgical treatment option for the maintenance of reduction, higher fusion rate and satisfactory fuctional out-come in the symptomatic low grade lumbar isthmic spondylolisthesis with neurologic deficit.
Animals ; Follow-Up Studies ; Gills ; Humans ; Lost to Follow-Up ; Neurologic Manifestations ; Retrospective Studies ; Spondylolisthesis*

Flammulina velutipes was transformed efficiently by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation system. The transformation frequency was about 16% with the gill tissues of the fungal fruiting body. Southern hybridization and genetic analysis suggest that the introduced DNA was inserted onto different locations of the fungal genome, and inherited stably to the next generation via basidiospores. Transformation or gene tagging with Agrobacterium T-DNA based vector should be useful for wide ranges of genetic or molecular biological studies of the mushroom.
Agaricales* ; Agrobacterium ; Animals ; DNA ; Flammulina* ; Fruiting Bodies, Fungal ; Genome, Fungal ; Gills

The tibial condylar fracture is a fracture of the proximal end of the tibia, involving the srticular surface. This fracture frequently accompanied by soft tissue injuries such as collateral ligsment, cruciate ligament and menisci. Thirty cases of the tibial condylar fracture which treated Inchon Choong Ang Gill Hospital during the period from March, 1983 to February, 1986, the thirty cases could be followed for one year to four years. They have been analyzed according to its cause, classification, treatment and result. Among these 12 cases(40.0%) were treated by cast immobilization, 1 case(3.3%) by skeletal traction, 17 cases(56.7%) by open reduction and internal fixation. Twenty-three cases(76.7%) out of thirty revealed the rating of ACCEPTABLE according to Hohl and Lucks criteria.
Animals ; Classification ; Clinical Study ; Gills ; Immobilization ; Incheon ; Ligaments ; Soft Tissue Injuries ; Tibia ; Traction

This study was conducted to understand how osmotic potentials in Lentinula edodes tissues are related to water contents and how they change while a mushroom matures. Water content and osmotic potential of L. edodes mushroom tissues from log cultivation and sawdust cultivation were measured and the relationships were analyzed. Osmotic potentials in the tissues were exponentially proportional to their moisture contents and there were strain differences in the potentials. Strain 290 has lower osmotic potential than strain 302, in the tissues at the same water content. As the mushrooms mature, tissue water content maintained ca 94% in head tissues and ca 90% in gills, but significantly decreased from ca 90% to 82% in the stipe tissues. Osmotic potential changes were similar to the tissue water content changes as the mushrooms mature. While osmotic potentials maintained -0.25 to -0.45 MPa in head and gill tissues, the potentials greatly decreased from -0.65 to -1.33MPa in stipe tissues. Our results show that osmotic potentials in L. edodes tissues are exponentially proportional to tissue water contents, that strains differ in osmotic potential related to water, and that stipe tissues can still have nutritional value when they mature.
Agaricales ; Animals ; Gills ; Head ; Lentinula ; Nutritive Value ; Shiitake Mushrooms ; Sprains and Strains