No abstract available.
Animals ; Gills ; Humans ; Students, Medical

This study was performed in order to investigate the effects of taurine on cadmium poisoning in muscle, gill, and bone tissues of wild goldfish. For this experiment, 80 wild goldfish were divided into four experimental groups: 0.3 mg/L of cadmium and 0 mg/L of taurine (Group I), 0.3 mg/L of cadmium and 20 mg/kg of taurine (Group II), 0.3 mg/L of cadmium and 40 mg/L of taurine (Group III), and 0.3 mg/L of cadmium and 80 mg/L of taurine (Group IV). The results were as follows: The cadmium concentration in muscle tissue of wild goldfish was 0.65-3.21 mg/kg wet wt in Group I, whereas it decreased in Group IV. Levels of cadmium in gill tissue of wild goldfish were 16.57-42.39 mg/kg wet wt in Group I, 15.23-43.01 mg/kg wet wt in Group II, 15.11-39.56 mg/kg wet wt in Group III, and 13.15-38.55 mg/kg wet wt in Group IV (P < 0.05), suggesting that the cadmium concentration decreased in the experimental groups compared to control. The cadmium concentration in bone tissue of wild goldfish after 28 days was 0.52-9.75 mg/kg in Group II, whereas it increased in Group III (P < 0.05). In conclusion, taurine may have a preventive effect against cadmium accumulation in biological tissues.
Animals ; Bone and Bones ; Cadmium ; Cadmium Poisoning ; Gills ; Goldfish ; Muscles ; Taurine

OBJECTIVES: Criteria for evaluating the results of treating low back pain vary widely. We examined the methods measuring the outcome in the papers of Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society. METHODS: We selected all published articles describing the methods measuring the outcome of low back pain in the journal. They were classified into 3 periods such as period 1 for volume 1-20, 2 for volume 21-25, and 3 for volume 26-28. RESULTS: There are 25 articles in period 1, 44 in period 2, and 30 in period 3. The outcome was classified into 0 to 5 classes by more than 15 different methods. Although the terms and descriptive criteria differ, 4 classes were the most common classification, being 16 in period 1, 39 in period 2, and 19 in period 3. The outcome was usually measured by authors' own method in period 1. In period 2, criteria by Gill et al was most commonly used along with many different criteria. Criteria by Prolo et al became a common method in period 3. CONCLUSION: Varying methods compromised comparative analyses of outcome. A more simple and universally applicable criteria is necessary to facilitate comparisons among various methods of treatment.
Animals ; Classification ; Gills ; Humans ; Low Back Pain* ; Spine

The genets of Suillus granulatus in a Pinus strobus stand (13 m × 60 m) were identified using random amplified polymorphic DNA molecular markers and the DNA of mushrooms that fruited for two years, and variations in genet size and distribution were analyzed. From a total of 116 mushrooms, 73 genets were identified and were grouped into three locations. The genets of mushrooms in close proximity differed from each other. The genet sizes varied at any of the three locations. The lengths of the identified genets in the pine stand ranged from 0.09 to 2.90 m. The average number of mushrooms per genet was 1.2 to 2.3, and the percentage of genets that were represented by a single mushroom was 44% to 94%. This variation in the genets of mushrooms in close proximity suggests that the ectomycorrhizal mycelial bodies of S. granulatus propagated sexually by fusing haploid spores derived from the mushrooms gills with below-ground mycelia. Therefore, it is necessary further to investigate the formation of new genets through spores in ectomycorrhizal fungal colonies.
Agaricales ; Animals ; DNA ; Fruit* ; Gills ; Haploidy ; Pinus* ; Spores ; Viverridae

Mushroom cultivation has been started recently in Bangladesh. Awareness of the nutritional and medicinal importance of mushrooms is not extensive. In this study, the nutritional values of dietary mushrooms- Pleurotus ostreatus, Pleurotus sajorcaju, Pleurotus florida and Calocybe indica that are very popular among the cultivated mushrooms in Bangladesh have been determined. These mushrooms were rich in proteins (20~25%) and fibers (13~24% in dry samples) and contained a lower amount of lipid (4 to 5%). The carbohydrate contents ranged from 37 to 48% (on the basis of dry weight). These were also rich in mineral contents (total ash content is 8~13%). The pileus and gills were protein and lipid rich and stripe was carbohydrate and fiber-rich. The moisture content of mushrooms ranged from 86 to 87.5%. Data of this study suggest that mushrooms are rich in nutritional value.
Agaricales ; Animals ; Bangladesh ; Florida ; Gills ; Minerals ; Nutritive Value ; Pleurotus ; Proteins

STUDY DESIGN AND OBJECTS: This is a retrospective study designed to compare the surgical treatment results between postero-lateral fusion(PLF) and posterior lumbar interbody fusion(PLIF) with pedicle screw fixation for the low grade lumbar isthmic spondylolisthesis with neurologic deficit. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty-one patients were operated from 1990 to 1996, but 9 patients were lost to follow-up, and we analyzed 32 patients with an average 38 months(range:24-65 months) follow-up. Twenty-one patients were operated by pos-terolateral fusion(group A) and 11 patients were operated by posterior lumbar interbody fusion(group B). Age ranged from 18 to 69 years with an average of 44.1 years old. The mean duration of symptom was 26.4 months. Slip angle, percentage of slippage, bone union and complications were considered as an assessment criteria. For the functional results we used Kim's functional evaluation scale. We used two-way ANOVA and chi -square test for the statistical analysis. RESULTS: The average preoperative slip angle was 6.8degree, postoperative 9.6degreeand last follow-up was 6.9degreein group A and the changes were -0.3degree, 3.6degreeand 1.9degreerespectively in group B. In percentage of slippage, mean pre-operative value was 22.1%, post-operative 19.3% and last follow up was 20.7% in group A. And the changes were 25%, 8.2%, and 8.3% in group B respectively. In bone union, definitive solid union was obtained in 19 cases (90.4%) of group A, and in 10 cases(91%) of group B. Satisfactory functional outcome were obtained in 85.7% of group A and 90.9% of group B according to the Kim's evaluation criteria. There were no significant statistical difference in the changes of slip angle, status of bone union, complications and functional out-come(P>0.05) between group A and group B. But posterior lumbar interbody fuison was superior in the ability and maintenance of reduction compared with posterolateral fusion(p=0.020).. SUMMARY: Both posterolateral fusion and posterior lumbar interbody fusion with Gill procedure and pedicle screw fixation could be reliable surgical treatment option for the maintenance of reduction, higher fusion rate and satisfactory fuctional out-come in the symptomatic low grade lumbar isthmic spondylolisthesis with neurologic deficit.
Animals ; Follow-Up Studies ; Gills ; Humans ; Lost to Follow-Up ; Neurologic Manifestations ; Retrospective Studies ; Spondylolisthesis*

This study was performed to investigate the heavy metal contents of freshwater fishes. The samples of 24 species were collected at 7 areas located on the Mankyung River during September in 1987. And then the contents of lead, cadmium, copper and zine were analyzed by atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The results were summarized as follows ; 1. The mean value of lead, cadmium, and copper contents of fishes collected in the downstream were significantly higher than those of upstream. 2. The mean lead content of C. auratus was the highest 1.50+/-0.98 microgram/g in viscera and statistically significant difference from muscle content. 3. The mean cadmium content of C. auratus was the highest 0.087+/-0.054 microgram/g and significantly higher than that of muscle, skeleton and gill. 4. In the copper contents, the viscera of C. auratus was the highest 5.25+/-0.94 microgram/g and significantly higher than that of muscle, skeleton and gill. 5. The mean value of zinc content of C. auratus was shown the order of gill, skeleton, viscera and muscle.
Absorption ; Animals ; Cadmium ; Copper ; Fishes* ; Fresh Water* ; Gills ; Rivers* ; Skeleton ; Viscera ; Zinc

We identified Lacrymaria velutina of the Coprinaceae in Korea. The unusually large and sturdy fruiting body, fibrillose to fibrillose-scaly cap and stalk without a volva with an obscure superior hairy ring zone or hairy annulus, and blackish brown, warted spores distinguished this species from closely related Psathyrella species. An illustrated account of the microscopic traits is presented. Fruiting bodies with obtusely hemispherical caps, 2.5~6 cm, becoming convex with age; surface dry, densely fibrillose-scaly with split margin; stipe, 4.5~6 cm, equal, hollow, fibrillose, dry, whitish above the superior ring zone, light brown below; crowded gills, adnexed, dark black at maturity. Pileipellis typically cellular with the gill edge appearing white and beaded. Blackish brown basidiospores that discolor in concentrated sulfuric acid. Spores elliptical, warted, 9~11 x 6~8 microm, with prominent snout-like germpores. Cheilocystidia abundant, 57~68 x 19~25 microm, and narrowly elongated clavate, often clustered in threes or fours. Pleurocystidia rarely present, 45~47.5 x 12~13 microm, and clavate to utriform. This trait distinguishes our sample as L. velutina from other Psathyrella spp. of the Coprinaceae, which have smooth spores. This taxon was clarified by the observation that Psathyrella spores fade in concentrated sulfuric acid. A molecular phylogenetic study revealed that our specimen was Lacrymria velutipes, which is closely related to Lacrymaria lacrymabunda. Moreover, those two species are clearly distinguishable from other Psathyrella species, which agreed with the morphologically distinctive traits described above. We believe that this is the first report of this taxon, which has not been described in Korea.
Animals ; Fruit ; Gills ; Humans ; Korea ; Light ; Spores ; Sulfur ; Sulfuric Acids ; Warts

Flammulina velutipes was transformed efficiently by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation system. The transformation frequency was about 16% with the gill tissues of the fungal fruiting body. Southern hybridization and genetic analysis suggest that the introduced DNA was inserted onto different locations of the fungal genome, and inherited stably to the next generation via basidiospores. Transformation or gene tagging with Agrobacterium T-DNA based vector should be useful for wide ranges of genetic or molecular biological studies of the mushroom.
Agaricales* ; Agrobacterium ; Animals ; DNA ; Flammulina* ; Fruiting Bodies, Fungal ; Genome, Fungal ; Gills

On general principle, spondylolisthesis does not need surgical treatment but special features may arise in any such case to change the clinical picture and to indicate the necessity for operative intervention. There have been described a number of techniques and their combinations in the treatment of spondylolisthesis. Despitc continuing efforts to develop better techniques of lumber fusion, failure has been relatively common. In 1953, Watkins dcscribed a lateral approach to the transverse processes. Rombold recently described a lateral mass fusion of a single level for spondylolisthesis using extensive autogenous iliac grafts. He reported 96% roentgenographic fusion. It is the purpose of this paper to review a series of adults with symptomatic spondylolisthesis (16 cases) who were surgically treated by posterolateral fusion. 1. The site incidence of spondylolisthesis was 68.8%(11 cases) in L-5, 25%(4 cases) in L-4 and 6.2% (1 case) in L-4 & L-5. 2. Satisfactory resutts according to Gills criteria was 94% (15 cases). 3. In follow-up study, the younger the adult, the better the clinical results. 4. The fusion rate of intervertebral joint in roentgenographic finding was 100%. 5. There were no significant differences in duration and result of solid fusion between cases applied with hip spica cast and lumbosacral back brace or Norton-Brown brace.
Adult ; Animals ; Braces ; Follow-Up Studies ; Gills ; Hip ; Humans ; Incidence ; Joints ; Spine ; Spondylolisthesis ; Spondylolysis ; Transplants