BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) exotoxins have been implicated in the pathogenesis of chronic sinusitis with nasal polyp. The aim of this study was to identify the interplay of S. aureus exotoxins between the nasal mucus and nasal polyp tissue. SUBJECTS AND METHOD: We have selected 30 nasal polyp with chronic sinusitis patients and 10 controls withrhinoplasty without sinusitis. Nasal mucus culture was done by smearing in nasal polyp and middle meatus. PCR analysis of the nasal lavage and immunohistochemical stainingin nasal tissue were done for the presence of S. aureus exotoxins (SEA and TSST-1). RESULTS: Nasal culture results were positive for S. aureus in 27% of the nasal polyp group compared to 10% ofthe control group. PCR analysis for SEA and TSST-1 in the nasal lavage demonstrated remarkable expression in the nasal polyp group (SEA:53%, TSST-1:60%) compared to the control group (SEA:20%, TSST-1:10%). In addition, immunohistochemical staining of nasal tissues reflected significantly higher expression of S. aureus exotoxin in the nasal polyp group (SEA:20%, TSST-1:33%) compared to the control group (SEA:0%, TSST-1:0%). There was a significant correlation between the exotoxins of nasal lavage and nasal polyp. CONCLUSION: Our results demonstrated that the S. aureus exotoxin in the nasal cavity might invade the nasal mucosa and have some role to play in the pathogenesis of nasal polyp.
Bacterial Toxins ; Enterotoxins ; Exotoxins ; Humans ; Mucus ; Nasal Cavity ; Nasal Lavage ; Nasal Mucosa ; Nasal Polyps ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Sinusitis ; Staphylococcus ; Staphylococcus aureus ; Superantigens

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Asian sand dust (ASD) is known to aggravate the respiratory symptoms in patients with bronchial asthma. However, the effect of ASD in allergic rhinitis is not known. The objective of this study was to investigate whether ASD can activate the allergic inflammation in allergic mouse model. MATERIALS AND METHOD: Forty female BALB/c mice were divided into 4 groups. Group 1 was nebulized with saline and group 2 with ASD. Group 3 was nebulized with ovalbumin (OVA) only and Group 4 with OVA plus ASD after intraperitoneal injection with OVA. The allergic symptom scores were checked. The mouse OVA specific IgE/IgG1, IL-4, IL-5 and IFN-gamma were measured by ELISA. The nasal mucosa was examined for the expression of IL-4 and IL-5 by immunohistochemical stain. RESULTS: The average symptom score was increased in Group 4 compared to Group 3 (p< 0.05). The IgE was significantly increased in Group 4 compared to Group 3 (p< 0.01). The IL-4 level of nasal lavagefluid (NALF) was significantly increased in Group 4 compared to Group 3 (p< 0.05). The IL-5 level showed no significant difference between the Group 3 and Group 4 both in the serum and NALF. The level of IFN-gamma was not changed in NALF. Immunohistochemical staining showed that the positive cells for IL-4 were expressed in epithelial layer and submucous gland and the positive cells were more increased in Group 4 than in Group 3. CONCLUSION: In allergic mouse model, ASD has shown to activate the allergic inflammatory reaction by the stimuli of Th2 cytokineproduction.
Animals ; Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; Asthma ; Cytokines ; Dust ; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay ; Female ; Humans ; Immunoglobulin E ; Inflammation ; Injections, Intraperitoneal ; Interleukin-4 ; Interleukin-5 ; Mice ; Nasal Mucosa ; Ovalbumin ; Ovum ; Rhinitis ; Rhinitis, Allergic, Perennial ; Silicon Dioxide

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: There is a reported association between the increased levels of specific IgE and Staphylococcus aureus exotoxins (SE) and eosinophilic inflammation in nasal polyp tissue. However, the role of IgE to SE in allergic rhinitis has not been known definitely. We sought to find whether the specific IgE to SE has a correlation with the allergic rhinitis. SUBJECTS AND METHOD: Nasal mucosa and serum were obtained from 30 patients undergoing submucous turbinectomy of inferior turbinates for allergic rhinitis and 20 control patients undergoing septoplasty. Nasal culture was performed for each patient. Specific IgE levels for S. aureus exotoxin A (SEA), S. aureus exotoxin B (SEB), and toxic shock syndrome toxin 1 (TSST-1) were measured using ImmunoCAP method in both nasal mucosa and serum. RESULTS: The culture rate for S. aureus was 13.3% for allergic rhinitis and 10% for the control. The specific IgE for S. aureus in serum was significantly expressed in allergic rhinitis (30%) compared to in the control (10%). In nasal mucosa of allergic rhinitis patients, the specific IgE has shown higher expression rate (20%) than the control (0%). CONCLUSION: Our results demonstrated that there is a correlation between allergic rhinitis and specific IgE to S. aureus exotoxin in both nasal mucosa and serum. These results suggest that S. aureus exotoxin can act as a traditional allergen and induce the development of allergic rhinitis.
Eosinophils ; Exotoxins ; Humans ; Immunoglobulin E ; Inflammation ; Mucus ; Nasal Mucosa ; Nasal Polyps ; Rhinitis ; Rhinitis, Allergic, Perennial ; Shock, Septic ; Staphylococcus ; Staphylococcus aureus ; Statistics as Topic ; Turbinates

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) exotoxins (SE) have been implicated in the pathogenesis of chronic sinusitis with nasal polyposis (CRSwNP). The aim of this study was to identify the contribution of S. aureus exotoxin as allergen in the development of nasal polyp. MATERIALS AND METHOD: Nasal polyp and serum were obtained from 30 patients who underwent endoscopic sinus surgery for CRSwNP and 10 control turbinate mucosae were used. Nasal culture was done for each patients. Specific IgE levels for S. aureus exotoxin A (SEA), S. aureus exotoxin B (SEB), and toxic shock syndrome toxin 1 (TSST-1) were measured using ImmunoCAP method in nasal tissue and serum. The patients were divided into three groups : A, nasal polyp (+)/culture (+) ; B, nasal polyp (+)/culture (-) ; C, nasal polyp (-)/culture (-). RESULTS: The culture for S. aureus was 27% in CRSwNP when compared to 10% in control. The specific IgE for S. aureus in serum was significantly expressed in nasal polyp (30%) compared to control (0%). Also the Group A showed a significant high rate of specific IgE (63%) compared to Group B (18%) and Group C (0%) in serum. In nasal polyp tissue, the specific IgE has showed no specific difference between nasal polyp (7%) and control (10%). However, it was also increased in Group A (25%), compared to Group B (0%) and Group C (11%). CONCLUSION: Our results demonstrated that there was a correlation between nasal polyp and specific IgE levels to S. aureus exotoxin. These results suggest that S. aureus exotoxin can act as a traditional allergen and induce the inflammatory reaction in CRSwNP. Background and Objectives : Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) exotoxins (SE) have been implicated in the pathogenesis of chronic sinusitis with nasal polyposis (CRSwNP). The aim of this study was to identify the contribution of S. aureus exotoxin as allergen in the development of nasal polyp.
Exotoxins* ; Humans ; Immunoglobulin E* ; Mucous Membrane ; Mucus* ; Nasal Polyps ; Shock, Septic ; Sinusitis ; Staphylococcus aureus* ; Staphylococcus* ; Statistics as Topic* ; Turbinates

This study was performed to investigate the effect of desalinated underground seawater (named as 'magma seawater', MSW) of Jeju Island in Korea on lipid metabolism and antioxidant activity. MSW was collected from underground of Han-Dong in Jeju Island, and freely given to high fat diet (HFD)-fed C57BL/6 mice for 10 weeks. Although there were no significant differences in the body weight changes and plasma lipid levels, hepatic triglyceride levels were significantly lower in the MSW group than in the normal tap water (TW)-drunken control group. Furthermore, the activity of fatty acid synthase (FAS) was significantly decreased and carnitine palmitoyltransferase (CPT) activity was increased in MSW group compared to TW group. Similarly, real-time PCR analysis revealed that mRNA expressions of lipogenic genes were lowered in MSW groups compared to the control group. In a morphometric observation on the liver tissue, accumulation of fats was remarkably reduced in MSW group. Meanwhile, in vitro assay, free radical scavenging activity measured by using diphenylpicrylhydrazyl (DPPH) was increased in MSW group. The 2'-7'-dichlorofluorescein diacetate (DCF-DA) staining followed with fluorescent microscopy showed a low intensity of fluorescence in MSW-treated HepG2 cells, compared to TW-treated HepG2 cells, which indicated that the production of reactive oxygen species by tert-butyl hydroperoxide (t-BHP) in HepG2 cells was decreased by MSW treatment. The antioxidant effect of MSW on t-BHP-induced oxidative stress in HepG2 cells was supported by the increased activities of intracellular antioxidant enzymes such as catalase and glutathione reductase. From these results, we speculate that MSW has an inhibitory effect on lipogenesis in liver and might play a protective role against cell damage by t-BHP-induced oxidative stress.
Animals ; Antioxidants ; Body Weight Changes ; Carnitine O-Palmitoyltransferase ; Catalase ; Diet ; Diet, High-Fat ; Fats ; Fatty Acid Synthetase Complex ; Fluorescence ; Glutathione Reductase ; Hep G2 Cells ; Korea ; Lipid Metabolism ; Lipogenesis ; Liver ; Mice ; Microscopy ; Oxidative Stress ; Plasma ; Reactive Oxygen Species ; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction ; RNA, Messenger ; Seawater ; tert-Butylhydroperoxide ; Water