Irritant skin reactions can be evaluated by several techniques. Using different scores for the degree of erythema, edema, scaling and fissuring is the time-honored approach but implies t,he disadventagrs of lacking objectivity and pararretric properties. This paper describes the objective nteasurement of irritant. skin responses to various concentrations of Sodium Lauryl Sulfate(SLS) and Ethanol by a color reflectance meter(Chroma Meter) and compares with visual scoring The results are summarized as follows : 1. Pretreatment assessments by a Chroma Meter on normal forearm area showed an average score of 7.70+1.53 for Chroma Meter value a*(rediies:; score). 2. Skin responses to SLS in various concentrations of 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 7.5% under occlusion for 24 hours were assessed by visual scoring system. They are measured 0.56+1.10, 0.74+1.29, 1.19 1.36, 2.11+1.69, 2.19+1.91, 2.56+1.50 2.81+2.16 respectively. 3. Skin responses to SLS in various concentrations of 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 7.5% under occlusion for 24 hour were assessed by a Chroma Meter valu a*(redness score). They are measured 8.29+1.98, 8.37+2.47, 9.31+2.27, 10.34+2.97, 10.35+3.18, 10.51+2.47, 11.61+3.45 respectively. 4. Skin responses to Ethanol in various concentrations were nearly negligible. 5. We have demonstrated there is a highly significant correlation between skin redness measured by the Chroma Meter and visually assessed erypthma(p<0.0001). It yields reproducible, objective, quantitative measurements of iryhema that parallel the subjective visual assessments.
Edema ; Erythema* ; Ethanol* ; Forearm ; Humans ; Male ; Skin* ; Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate* ; Sodium*

A case of eosinophilic pustular folliculitis in a 46-year-old woman is presented. The patient showed repeatedly developed erythematous, indurated plaque studded with srnall yellowish pustules on flush area of the left cheek with blood eosinophilia and biopsy revealed histopathological findings of eosinophilic pustular folliculitis. The patient responded well to systemic administration of corticosteroid and dapsone.
Biopsy ; Cheek ; Dapsone ; Eosinophilia ; Eosinophils* ; Female ; Folliculitis* ; Humans ; Middle Aged

Color developers(CD) have been noted to produce lichen planus like eruption as well as eczematous contact dermatitis. The chemicals involved are derivatives of paraphenylenediamine or aniline, i. e., Kodak CD 2, Kodak CD 3, Agfa TSS. We report a 28-year-old male who showed a feature of lichenoid contact dermatitis after exposure to color developer. Patch test revealed positive reactions to CD2, CD3 and CD4. Skin biopsy from a patch site showed lichen planus-like tissue reaction.
Adult ; Biopsy ; Dermatitis ; Dermatitis, Contact* ; Humans ; Lichen Planus ; Lichens ; Male ; Patch Tests ; Skin

PURPOSE: We report a case of post-traumatic hypotony retinopathy with cyclodialysis cleft treated by intravitreal gas injection. METHODS: A 38-year-old man presented with decreased visual acuity after blunt trauma to the left eye. Visual acuity of the left eye was 0.06 and intraocular pressure was 1 mmHg. No external wound was found. The anterior chamber showed a microscopic hyphema and, upon funduscopic examination, mild macular edema and striae were seen. The cyclodialysis was identified using gonioscopy. We treated the patient with intravitreal gas (perfluoropropane, C3F8) injection under topical anesthesia and tracked the outcome of this treatment. RESULTS: On the first postoperative day, intraocular pressure fell to the normal range. After 7 days the visual acuity improved to 1.0. During a follow-up period of 10 months, intraocular pressure and visual acuity remained in their normal range. CONCLUSIONS: Intravitreal gas injection offers a safe and effective method of treating hypotony retinopathy with cyclodialysis cleft.
Adult ; Anesthesia ; Anterior Chamber ; Follow-Up Studies ; Gonioscopy ; Humans ; Hyphema ; Intraocular Pressure ; Macular Edema ; Reference Values ; Visual Acuity ; Wounds and Injuries

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to determine rate of breastfeeding practice at 3 months and to examine predictors for breastfeeding practice. METHOD: Study subjects were 114 mothers who gave birth at one hospital in Busan area. Data regarding breastfeeding practice and potentially related factors to breastfeeding were collected through a self-administered questionaire at 1 weeks and a telephone survey at 3 months. Logistic regression was used to identifiy significant the predictors on breastfeeding practice. RESULT: Rate of breastfeeding practice was 46.5% at three months of postpartum. The significant predictors for performing breastfeeding were lower the experience of breastfeeding trouble problem(OR=.88 compared with breastfeeding women, 95% CI; 78-.99), higher first breastfeeding satisfaction (OR=1.81 compared with non-breastfeeding women, 95% CI; 1.08-3.32), higher breastfeeding confidence(OR=1.84 compared with non-breastfeeding women, 95% CI; 1.08-3.32). CONCLUSION: The findings suggest the necessity of support program for mothers during the positive postpartum period to provide correct information about breastfeeding knowledge and attitude and to teach problem-solving skills for any breastfeeding problems for highere rate of breastfeeding practice.
Breast Feeding* ; Busan ; Female ; Humans ; Logistic Models ; Mothers ; Parturition ; Postpartum Period ; Telephone ; Child Health

PURPOSE: To evaluate the correlation between the severity of diabetic retinopathy, decrease of corneal sensitivity and conjunctival impression cytology. METHODS: 150 eyes of 75 patients were enrolled. The patients were divided into two groups. The study group is 110 eyes of 55 patients with diabetic retinopathy and the control group is 40 eyes of 20 patients without diabetic retinopathy. The hemoglobin A1C (HbA1C) and fasting plasma glucose (FPG) were measured for the index of diabetic control. Corneal sensitivity was measured with Cochet-Bonnet aesthesiometer, and conjuctival impression cytology and fundus examination were done in two groups after topical anesthesia instillation. The classification of diabetic retinopathy was based on the ETDRS. RESULTS: In corneal sensitivity, the study group was 3.8 +/- 3.6 g/mm2, the control group 1.1 +/- 2.16 g/mm2, showing statistically significant difference (p<0.05). The severity of diabetic retinopathy had negative correlation with corneal sensitivity (R2=0.26, p<0.05). Conjunctival impression cytology had negative correlation with corneal sensitivity (R2=0.41, p<0.05), and positive correlation with retinopathy (R2=0.26, p<0.05). Corneal sensitivity was affected by the hemoglobin A1C (p<0.01), but fasting plasma glucose (p=0.7). CONCLUSIONS: Conjucntival impression cytology had negaitive correlation with corneal sensitivity and positive correlation with diabetic retinopathy. It can be thought that corneal sensitivity is affected by chronic glycemic control.
Anesthesia ; Blood Glucose ; Classification ; Diabetic Retinopathy* ; Fasting ; Humans

PURPOSE: To evaluate the radiologic and clinical outcomes of AO type C pelvic ring injury and identify the prognostic factors. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We studied 53 patients who were treated for AO type C pelvic ring injury from January 2002 to February 2010. Mean age and mean follow-up duration were 42.4 years and 14 months, respectively. We had 8 cases of AO type C1-1, 19 cases of C1-2, 11 cases of C1-3, 6 cases of C2 and 9 cases of C3 injury. We analyzed type of fracture, displacement, method of fixation and associated injuries. Radiologic outcome was evaluated with Matta and Saucedo criteria and clinical outcome was evaluated using Majeed score. RESULTS: The average Majeed score was 86.2 distributing as 36 excellent cases, 15 good cases and 2 fair cases. Using radiologic Matta and Saucedo criteria, patients were divided as 31 excellent cases, 17 good cases and 5 fair cases. There was no significant difference between the outcomes of anterior, posterior and antero-posterior fixation. Neurologic injury was the reason for an unsatisfactory functional outcome. We identified two cases with complication, one with postoperative infection and the other with nonunion following anterior-posterior fixation. CONCLUSION: Satisfactory radiologic and clinical outcomes were obtained with open reduction and internal fixation in the management of AO type C pelvic ring injuries. Neurologic injuries affected the clinical outcome.
Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Pelvis

PURPOSE: We assessed the clinical results after the operative treatment of type 2 SLAP lesion with stiffness. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 13 patients who had SLAP lesion with stiffness were treated with arthroscopic capsular release, SLAP repair and treatment of the associated lesion. The average follow-up period was above 12 months. RESULTS: The postoperative mean VAS was scored 1.5 and the postoperative ROWE score was 92.3, which showed a significant improvement after the operation (P<0.001). The mean range of motion was a significantly improved after the operation (P<0.001). The ROWE score was excellent for all the cases. CONCLUSION: Arthroscopic capsular release and SLAP repair and treatment of the associated lesion in patients with type 2 SLAP lesion with stiffness are effective treatments for the increasing the range of motion and decreasing the pain.
Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Joint Capsule Release ; Range of Motion, Articular ; Shoulder

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to present methods and results for the modified Phemister operation, with a suture anchor added for augmentation of the conoid ligament in cases of acute dislocation of the acromioclavicular joint. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We evaluated 14 cases of acute dislocation of the acromioclavicular joint. This included 11 cases of Rockwood type 3, and 3 cases of type 5. The mean age of patients was 45.2 years. We operated on them using an anchor for augmentation of the conoid ligament in the modified Phemister operation. The average follow-up period was 14 months and post-operative clinical analysis was conducted using the Weitzman classification, VAS Score, Constant Score and KSS Score. RESULTS: According to Weitzman scores, 13 cases were evaluated as excellent, and one case was good. They had mean joint ranges of forward elevation of 170.7degrees, lateral elevation of 166.4, external rotation of 68.2, and internal rotation to the level of T7. The mean VAS Score was 1.9, mean Constant Score 90.8, and the mean KSS Score 91. Radiologic analysis indicated that all cases had a good result. CONCLUSION: The modified Phemister operation with a suture anchor added for augmentation of the conoid ligament is very effective clinically in acute dislocations of the acromioclavicular joint.
Acromioclavicular Joint ; Dislocations ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Joints ; Ligaments ; Suture Anchors ; Sutures

Reports of bowing and pseudarthrosis of the humerus and clavicle are rare. Most patients with congenital pseudoarthrosis of the clavicle involving the right side and midportion of clavicle tended to heal better than congenital pseudoarthrosis of the tibia. We experienced a patient who had special features in terms of location, pseudoarthrosis pattern, and neurofibromatosis, and report on this case here.
Clavicle* ; Humans ; Humerus ; Neurofibromatoses* ; Pseudarthrosis* ; Tibia