1.Two Cases of Metronidazole-Induced Neurotoxicity Lacking of Clinico-Radiological Correlation.
Kyum Yil KWON ; Dae Kyoon LEE ; Ka Hyun LEE ; Kyung Hee CHO ; Eugene LEE ; Sun Ju CHUNG
Journal of the Korean Neurological Association 2006;24(6):581-584
Metronidazole is an antimicrobial agent widely used for the treatment of trichomoniasis, giardiasis, amebiasis, and anaerobic bacterial infections. It has been reported that metronidazole-induced neurotoxicity is associated with responsible lesions on brain MRI. We report 2 patients with metronidazole-induced neurotoxicity, who had no responsible lesions on brain MRI for their neurological deficits. The pathogenic mechanisms are discussed.
Amebiasis
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Bacterial Infections
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Brain
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Giardiasis
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Humans
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Magnetic Resonance Imaging
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Metronidazole
2.Establishment of a C57BL/6N mouse model of giardiasis.
Siqi LU ; Xiaobing LUO ; Xiaoning CHEN ; Fengyun WANG
Chinese Medical Journal 2002;115(10):1453-1456
OBJECTIVETo establish a C57BL/6N mouse model infected with Giardia lamblia (G. lamblia) isolates from human origin.
METHODTwo groups of C57BL/6N mouse were inoculated with purified cysts of two G. lamblia isolates (CD and XZ) by gavage separately. Patterns and curves of cyst excretion of the infected mice were observed and summarized. Histopathological changes of the small intestines of the infected mice were observed.
RESULTSThirty-six mice receiving 1 x 10(4) cysts each were all infected. The C57BL/6N mouse showed high susceptibility to G. lamblia infection. There was no notable distinction between the two groups of the mice infected by the cysts of CD and XZ isolates. Cyst excretion occurred with intermittence. Of 36 infected mice, 32 (89%) passed cysts intermittently and 4 (11%) others persistently. The latent period of cyst excretion was 0 - 3 days p.i. (post-inoculation). The interruption of cyst excretion ranged from 12 to 20 days p.i. The fastigium of the cyst excretion was on day 6 p.i. The peak count of the cysts passed during a 2 h collection period was 2.3 x 10(7)/g fecal specimen. Edema, inflammation, cell infiltration, small blood vessels congestion, mitotic figures and mucosa necrosis appeared in sections of intestines.
CONCLUSIONC57Bl/6N mouse is a suitable animal model of G. lamblia.
Animals ; Disease Models, Animal ; Giardiasis ; etiology ; parasitology ; pathology ; Humans ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL
3.Strongyloidiasis associated with amebiasis and giardiaisis in an immunocompetent boy presented with acute abdomen.
Ener Cagry DINLEYICI ; Nihal DOGAN ; Birsen UCAR ; Huseyin ILHAN
The Korean Journal of Parasitology 2003;41(4):239-242
Strongyloides stercoralis (SS) is an intestinal nematode that is mainly endemic in tropical and subtropical regions and sporadic in temperate zones. SS infection frequently occurs in people who have hematologic malignancies, HIV infection and in individuals undergoing immunosuppressive therapy. In this study, we report a 12- year-old immunocompetent boy who was admitted to our hospital with acute abdomen. Laboratory evaluation showed strongyloidiasis, amebiasis and giardiasis. Clinical and laboratory findings immediately improved with albendazole therapy. Therefore, when diarrhea with signs of acute abdomen is observed, stool examinations should be done for enteroparasitosis. This approach will prevent misdiagnosis as acute abdomen. Complete clinical improvement is possible by medical therapy without surgical intervention.
Abdomen, Acute/*etiology
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Amebiasis/*complications
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Animals
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Child
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Giardiasis/*complications
;
Humans
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Immunocompetence
;
Male
;
*Strongyloides stercoralis
;
Strongyloidiasis/*complications/parasitology
4.One case of Giardia lamblia-associated arthritis in a 23 year-old woman.
Jong Pyo KIM ; In Hong LEE ; Ja Hun JUNG ; Young Woo SOHN ; Tae Hwan KIM ; Jae Bum JUN ; Sung Soo JUNG ; Yong Cheol JUN ; Sang Cheol BAE ; Dae Hyun YOO ; Seong Yoon KIM
Korean Journal of Medicine 2001;61(1):82-85
Giardia lamblia, a gastrointestinal protozoan, is one of the most common disease-causing parasites in the world. Giardiasis is primarily encountered in areas with poor sanitation, but it is also seen in more developed countries. A possible sequela of Giardia infections of the bowel is reactive arthritis or synovitis. Few reports of synovitis secondary to giardiasis exist in the literature. Arthropathy secondary to giardiasis is uncommon, but may be underdiagnosed. We present a 23 year-old woman who had polyarthritis after Giardia lamblia infestation. The synovitis subsided with treatment of the giardiasis with metronidazole. The diagnosis of Giardia synovitis should be suspected by the presence of Giardia cysts in the stool. Although uncommon, giardiasis can cause severe synovitis that may be confused with a septic joint.
Arthritis*
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Arthritis, Reactive
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Developed Countries
;
Diagnosis
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Female
;
Giardia lamblia
;
Giardia*
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Giardiasis
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Humans
;
Joints
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Metronidazole
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Parasites
;
Sanitation
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Synovitis
;
Young Adult*
5.An Update on Post-infectious Irritable Bowel Syndrome: Role of Genetics, Immune Activation, Serotonin and Altered Microbiome.
Journal of Neurogastroenterology and Motility 2012;18(3):258-268
The literature on post-infectious irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is reviewed with special emphasis on recent new data. Further accounts of this phenomenon continue to be reported following a range of infections including giardiasis as well as viral and bacterial gastroenteritis. Risk factors such as severity of initial illness, female gender together with adverse psychological factors have been confirmed. Recent evidence of a genetic predisposition needs replication. Animal studies suggest activation of mast cells and inflammation driven impairment of serotonin transporter may be important, which are findings supported by some recent human studies in IBS with diarrhoea. Experimentally induced inflammation leads to damage and remodelling of enteric nerves. Similar changes have been reported in IBS patients with increase in nerves expressing transient receptor potential cation channel V1. While changes in microbiota are very likely this area has yet to be explored using modern techniques. Since the prognosis is for slow improvement, treatments should currently target the key symptoms of diarrhoea and abdominal pain. Future therapies aimed at correcting underlying mechanisms including immune activation and serotonin excess are currently being explored and may provide better treatments in the future.
Abdominal Pain
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Animals
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Female
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Gastroenteritis
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Genetic Predisposition to Disease
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Giardiasis
;
Humans
;
Inflammation
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Irritable Bowel Syndrome
;
Mast Cells
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Metagenome
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Prognosis
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Risk Factors
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Serotonin
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Serotonin Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins
6.Study on genetic approach in the detection of Cryptosporidium parvum and Giardia lamblia in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome patients.
Si-qi LU ; Feng-yun WANG ; Ke ZHANG ; Lian-zhi XU
Chinese Journal of Epidemiology 2006;27(10):884-888
OBJECTIVETo establish genetic method in detecting Cryptosporidium parvum and Giardia lamblia which often coinfected with AIDS patients.
METHODSCryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts were isolated and purified from fecal samples of the individuals infected with C. parvum and G. lamblia, respectively. Genomic DNAs were extracted. Two pairs of specific primers were designed or synthesized according to the 18S rRNA gene from C. parvum or the triose phosphate isomerase (tim ) gene from G. lamblia. Polymerase chain reaction(PCR) technique was used to amplify the DNA samples from the oocysts and the cysts, and those from the 6 control samples, including Schitosoma japonicum, Toxoplasma gondii , Entamoeba histolytica, Trichinella spiralis, Trichomonas vaginalis and human blood cells. DNA samples from 30 fecal samples of AIDS patients were detected with the same method.
RESULTSOne fragment of 500 bp was amplified with the primer of C. parvum, and the other one of 683 bp was amplified with the primer of G. lamblia. Twenty pg and 0.4 pg DNA of C. parvum and G. lamblia could be detected separately. The specificity of these two pairs of PCR primers was confirmed by the failure in the amplification of the control DNA samples. Out of 30 cases of AIDS patients, 7 showed C. parvum positive, while non Giardia was detected.
CONCLUSIONGenetic detection method for C. parvum and G. lamblia detection was established which was more sensitive and specific.
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome ; microbiology ; Cryptosporidiosis ; diagnosis ; Cryptosporidium parvum ; genetics ; DNA, Bacterial ; Giardia lamblia ; genetics ; Giardiasis ; diagnosis ; Humans ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; methods ; Sensitivity and Specificity
7.Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment of
Sheng Kui CAO ; Yan Yan JIANG ; Zhong Ying YUAN ; Jian Hai YIN ; Meng XU ; Jing Bo XUE ; Lin Hua TANG ; Yu Juan SHEN ; Jian Ping CAO
Biomedical and Environmental Sciences 2021;34(6):493-498
We aimed to assess the risks of
China
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Cryptosporidiosis/microbiology*
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Cryptosporidium/isolation & purification*
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Giardia/isolation & purification*
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Giardiasis/microbiology*
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Humans
;
Risk Assessment
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Water Microbiology
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Water Supply/statistics & numerical data*
9.Pyruvate Protects Giardia Trophozoites from Cysteine-Ascorbate Deprived Medium Induced Cytotoxicity
Dibyendu RAJ ; Punam CHOWDHURY ; Rituparna SARKAR ; Yumiko SAITO-NAKANO ; Keinosuke OKAMOTO ; Shanta DUTTA ; Tomoyoshi NOZAKI ; Sandipan GANGULY
The Korean Journal of Parasitology 2018;56(1):1-9
Giardia lamblia, an anaerobic, amitochondriate protozoan parasite causes parasitic infection giardiasis in children and young adults. It produces pyruvate, a major metabolic product for its fermentative metabolism. The current study was undertaken to explore the effects of pyruvate as a physiological antioxidant during oxidative stress in Giardia by cysteine-ascorbate deprivation and further investigation upon the hypothesis that oxidative stress due to metabolism was the reason behind the cytotoxicity. We have estimated intracellular reactive oxygen species generation due to cysteine-ascorbate deprivation in Giardia. In the present study, we have examined the effects of extracellular addition of pyruvate, during oxidative stress generated from cysteine-ascorbate deprivation in culture media on DNA damage in Giardia. The intracellular pyruvate concentrations at several time points were measured in the trophozoites during stress. Trophozoites viability under cysteine-ascorbate deprived (CAD) medium in presence and absence of extracellular pyruvate has also been measured. The exogenous addition of a physiologically relevant concentration of pyruvate to trophozoites suspension was shown to attenuate the rate of ROS generation. We have demonstrated that Giardia protects itself from destructive consequences of ROS by maintaining the intracellular pyruvate concentration. Pyruvate recovers Giardia trophozoites from oxidative stress by decreasing the number of DNA breaks that might favor DNA repair.
Child
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Culture Media
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DNA Breaks
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DNA Damage
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DNA Repair
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Giardia lamblia
;
Giardia
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Giardiasis
;
Humans
;
Metabolism
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Oxidative Stress
;
Parasites
;
Pyruvic Acid
;
Reactive Oxygen Species
;
Trophozoites
;
Young Adult
10.Increased Innate Lymphoid Cell 3 and IL-17 Production in Mouse Lamina Propria Stimulated with Giardia lamblia
Hye Yeon LEE ; Eun Ah PARK ; Kyung Jo LEE ; Kyu Ho LEE ; Soon Jung PARK
The Korean Journal of Parasitology 2019;57(3):225-232
Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are key players during an immune response at the mucosal surfaces, such as lung, skin, and gastrointestinal tract. Giardia lamblia is an extracellular protozoan pathogen that inhabits the human small intestine. In this study, ILCs prepared from the lamina propria of mouse small intestine were incubated with G. lamblia trophozoites. Transcriptional changes in G. lamblia-exposed ILCs resulted in identification of activation of several immune pathways. Secretion of interleukin (IL)-17A, IL-17F, IL-1β, and interferon-γ was increased, whereas levels of IL-13, IL-5, and IL-22, was maintained or reduced upon exposure to G. lamblia. Goup 3 ILC (ILC3) was found to be dominant amongst the ILCs, and increased significantly upon co-cultivation with G. lamblia trophozoites. Oral inoculation of G. lamblia trophozoites into mice resulted in their presence in the small intestine, of which, the highest number of parasites was detected at the 5 days-post infection. Increased ILC3 was observed amongst the ILC population at the 5 days-post infection. These findings indicate that ILC3 from the lamina propria secretes IL-17 in response to G. lamblia, leading to the intestinal pathology observed in giardiasis.
Animals
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Gastrointestinal Tract
;
Giardia lamblia
;
Giardia
;
Giardiasis
;
Humans
;
Interleukin-13
;
Interleukin-17
;
Interleukin-5
;
Interleukins
;
Intestine, Small
;
Lung
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Lymphocytes
;
Mice
;
Mucous Membrane
;
Parasites
;
Pathology
;
Skin
;
Trophozoites