Background and Objectives: Peroxiredoxin (Prx) is an antioxidant enzyme involved in signaling pathway. Prx2 is the most abundant in mammalian gray matter neurons and has protective role under oxidative stress. MUC5AC and MUC5B are typical mucin genes in human airway epithelial cells. Even if free radicals play a key role in chronic respiratory inflammatory diseases, the effects of the Prx2 on mucin expression and oxidative stress are not clearly known. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of Prx2 on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced MUC5AC/5B expression and reactive oxygen species (ROS) in human airway epithelial cells.Subjects and Method In NCI-H292 cells and human nasal epithelial cells, the effects of Prx2 on LPS-induced MUC5AC/5B expression and ROS production were investigated using reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction, real-time polymerase chain reaction, enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and flow cytometry analysis. Results: MUC5AC, MUC5B mRNA expression and protein production were increased by LPS. ROS production was also increased by LPS. Prx2 suppressed the LPS-induced MUC5AC mRNA expression and protein production as well as ROS production. However, Prx2 did not inhibit MUC5B mRNA expression and protein production. N-acetylcysteine, diphenyleneiodonium, and apocynin also inhibited LPS-induced ROS production. Conclusion These results may show that Prx2 suppresses LPS-induced MUC5AC expression via ROS in human airway epithelial cells.

Point mutations in the human cardiac homeobox gene NKX2.5 are associated with familial atrial septal defect (ASD), atrioventricular (AV) conduction disturbance, as well as sudden cardiac death. To date, more than 60 NKX2.5 mutations have been documented, but there are no reports in Korea. We are reporting the first Korean family with ASD and AV block associated with a novel mutation in the NKX2.5 coding region. A 9-year-old boy presented with a slow and irregular pulse, and was diagnosed with secundum ASD and first degree AV block. The boy's father, who had a history of ASD correction surgery, presented with second degree AV block and atrial fibrillation. The boy's brother was also found to have secundum ASD and first degree AV block. There were two sudden deaths in the family. Genetic testing revealed a novel mutation of NKX2.5 in all affected members of the family.
Atrial Fibrillation ; Atrioventricular Block* ; Child ; Clinical Coding ; Death, Sudden ; Death, Sudden, Cardiac ; Fathers ; Genes, Homeobox ; Genetic Testing ; Heart Septal Defects, Atrial* ; Humans ; Korea ; Male ; Point Mutation ; Siblings

Treatment of ventricular arrhythmias (VA) usually involves managing the underlying cardiac conditions that cause the arrhythmia. However, managing the underlying disease is often challenging, and catheter ablation, or treatment targeting the VA itself might be required in a few patients. In this article, we explored evidence and recommendations regarding the treatment of VA in patients with structural heart disease focusing on the utilization of catheter ablation in these patients. The administration of optimal medical therapy, insertion of an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator, or resynchronization therapy improves survival in patients with left ventricular dysfunction. The role of catheter ablation in preventing sudden cardiac death remains uncertain in this population. In patients with coronary artery disease, reversing myocardial ischemia via revascularization is important in managing VA. Catheter ablation is recommended in patients with recurrent ventricular tachycardia in a setting of ischemic heart disease. In patients with non-ischemic cardiomyopathies such as dilated cardiomyopathy or hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, catheter ablation may be considered for those presenting with drug-refractory ventricular tachycardia.
Arrhythmias, Cardiac ; Cardiomyopathies ; Cardiomyopathy, Dilated ; Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic ; Catheter Ablation ; Catheters ; Coronary Artery Disease ; Death, Sudden, Cardiac ; Defibrillators, Implantable ; Heart Diseases ; Humans ; Myocardial Ischemia ; Tachycardia, Ventricular ; Ventricular Dysfunction, Left

The recommendations outlined constitute the first clinical practice guidelines of the Korean Heart Rhythm Society regarding catheter ablation of ventricular arrhythmias (VA). This is a guideline PART 2, which includes VA in the structurally normal heart, inherited primary arrhythmia syndromes, VA related to congenital heart disease, as well as VA and sudden cardiac death observed in specific populations. In the structurally normal heart, treatment is guided by the occurrence of symptoms or the frequency of arrhythmias that cause ventricular dysfunction over time. Catheter ablation can be recommended in patients in whom anti-arrhythmic medications are ineffective. The sites of origin of arrhythmic activity are known to be the outflow tract, fascicles, papillary muscle, or the annulus. Specific cardiac channelopathies include congenital long QT and Brugada syndrome. This guideline discusses the diagnostic criteria, risk stratification, and treatment of these syndromes. We have included recommendations for adult congenital heart disease. Moreover, we have discussed the management of VA occurring in specific populations such as in patients with psychiatric and neurological disorders, pregnant patients, those with obstructive sleep apnea or drug-related pro-arrhythmias, athletes, and elderly patients.
Adult ; Aged ; Arrhythmias, Cardiac ; Athletes ; Brugada Syndrome ; Catheter Ablation ; Catheters ; Channelopathies ; Death, Sudden, Cardiac ; Heart ; Heart Defects, Congenital ; Humans ; Nervous System Diseases ; Papillary Muscles ; Sleep Apnea, Obstructive ; Ventricular Dysfunction

Ventricular arrhythmias (VA) are a major cause of sudden cardiac death (SCD) in patients with known heart disease. Risk assessment and effective prevention of SCD are key issues in these patients. Implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) insertion effectively treats sustained VA and reduces mortality in patients at high risk of SCD. Appropriate anti-arrhythmic drugs and catheter ablation reduce the VA burden and the occurrence of ICD shocks. In this guideline, authors have described the general examination and medical treatment of patients with VA. Medications and catheter ablation are also used as acute phase therapy for sustained VA.
Arrhythmias, Cardiac ; Catheter Ablation ; Catheters ; Death, Sudden, Cardiac ; Defibrillators ; Heart Diseases ; Humans ; Mortality ; Risk Assessment ; Shock

We report here on a rare case of adrenal paragonimiasis that presented with an adrenal incidentaloma. A 52-year-old male presented with fatigue and weight loss. The laboratory findings revealed eosinophilia (8.5%) and an increased eosinophil count (910/microL). The computed tomography scan showed 6.5 x 5 cm sized multilocular cystic mass in the right adrenal gland, which was non-functioning, and cystic lesions with variable sizes were also noted in the abdominal cavity. On the surgical field, whitish patches were spread out in the peritoneum, the omentum, the dome of the liver and the diaphragm. The right adrenal gland was replaced by a cystic mass filled with mucopurulent creamy materials. The pathologic findings revealed numerous eggs of Paragonimus spp. Also, the ELISA was positive for IgG paragonimus antibody. The adrenal gland can become infected by various microbial pathogens, including parasites, although it is relatively uncommon. However, in the case of a cystic adrenal mass with accompanying eosinophilia in an endemic area, clinicians should consider the possibility of parasitic infection.
Abdominal Cavity ; Adrenal Gland Neoplasms ; Adrenal Glands ; Diaphragm ; Eggs ; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay ; Eosinophilia ; Eosinophils ; Fatigue ; Humans ; Immunoglobulin G ; Liver ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Omentum ; Ovum ; Paragonimiasis ; Paragonimus ; Parasites ; Peritoneum ; Weight Loss

Adenomyoma is a benign tumor composed of smooth muscle and benign endometrium. These tumors typically originate within the uterus. An extrauterine adenomyoma is a rare entity. Cystic degeneration of adenomyoma is also very rare case. We report a case of huge extrauterine endometrioid-type adenomyoma with cystic change with brief review of literature.
Adenomyoma ; Endometrium ; Female ; Muscle, Smooth ; Uterus

Granulosa cell tumors of ovary are rare neoplasms, which account for 2~5% of all ovarian malignancies. Ovarian granulosa cell tumors are often associated with endometrial hyperplasia or carcinoma. The endometrial carcinoma is thought to occur under the influence of the estrogen receptor pathway and is typically a low-grade endometrioid adenocarcinoma. We present a case of granulosa cell tumor of the ovary and synchronous endometrial carcinoma that were managed with laparoscopically assisted vaginal hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy, with brief review of literature.
Adult ; Carcinoma, Endometrioid ; Endometrial Hyperplasia ; Endometrial Neoplasms ; Estrogens ; Female ; Granulosa Cell Tumor ; Granulosa Cells ; Humans ; Hysterectomy, Vaginal ; Laparoscopy ; Ovary