Vaginitis is one of the most common disease in gynecologic field in recent days. About 90% of these patients suffer from the infection of the vagina caused by Gardnerella vaginalis, Candida, or Trichomonas, either alone or in combination. For the effective diagnosis and management, it is essential to get an accurate identification of the causative agent. Applying simple and easy diagnostic methods such as pH of vaginal discharge, amine test and microscopic examination of wet mount preparation of normal saline and 10% KOH to 549 cases of randomly selected patients visiting Out-patient Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of Yeungnam University Hospital through May 1st to Sept. 31st, 1987, the following results were obtained. 1. In the Gardnerella vaginitis vaginal pH was more than 5.0 in 81.0% of total cases, positive amine test in 62.8%, decreased lactobacilli in 77.4% & decreased WBC counts in 70.1%, In the Trichomonas vaginitis vaginal pH more than 5.0 was noted in 93.3% of the cases, negative amine test in 90%, decreased showed vaginal pH of 3.0~4.0 in 83.2%, negative amine test in 90%, decreased lactobacilli in 90% & increased WBC counts in 93.3%, whereas Candida vaginitis and normal groups showed vaginal pH of 3.0~4.0 in 83.2%, negative amine test in 100%, normal distribution of lactobacilli in 89.7%, normal WBC counts in 72.4%. 2. The accuracy rates of physical diagnosis by wet mount preparation of normal saline and 10% KOH revealed 26.3%, 47.5%, 70.0% in Gardnerella vaginitis, Candida vaginitis, and Trichomonas vaginitis, respectively. The vaginal pH and amine test showed 83.2% of accuracy rate in Candida vaginitis group, 60.6% in Gardnerella vaginitis group and 83.3% in Trichomonas vaginitis group. 3. In 23 cases of Gardnerella vaginitis showing vaginal pH of 3.0 or 4.0 and positive amine test, the clue cells were observed in 10% or less in 12 cases, 30% in 5 cases, 50% in 4 cases and 50% or more in 2 cases. In summary vaginal pH and amine test could be useful in screening and differentiating the different types of infectious vaginitis. Furthermore by adding microscopic examination of normal saline and 10% KOH wet mount preparation to them, they not only could obtain higher diagnostic accuracy rate but would be more valuable in selecting the patients requiring cultures to confirm the diagnoses.
Candida ; Diagnosis ; Gardnerella ; Gardnerella vaginalis ; Gynecology ; Humans ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration* ; Mass Screening ; Obstetrics ; Outpatients ; Trichomonas ; Trichomonas Vaginitis ; Vagina ; Vaginal Discharge* ; Vaginitis*

No abstract available.
Drainage* ; Humans ; Hydrocephalus*

Bites and Stings ; Bone Screws ; Humans ; Lip ; Mandible ; Mastication ; Orthodontics ; Osteogenesis, Distraction ; Osteotomy ; Tooth ; Tooth Mobility ; Walking

PURPOSE: To describe the angiographic findings of patients with recurrent hemoptysis after bronchial artery embolization (BAE) according to the point at which relapse occurred. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From 125 patients who underwent BAE due to hemoptysis between 1996 and 2000, we selected 18 of 23 who underwent additional BAE due to recurrent bleeding after initial BAE . Depending on the point at which relapse occurred, they were divided into two groups (I and II, according to whether additional BAE was performed within two weeks of initial BAE or more than two weeks after this). We retrospectively compared the two groups in terms of angiographic findings, number of embolized arteries, and character of feeding arteries at initial and additional BAE. RESULTS: Nine patients in group I (additional BAE: n=10) and nine in group II (additional BAE: n=13) were admitted for recurrent hemoptysis within two weeks of initial BAE and more than two weeks after this, respectively. In group I(n=29) and II(n=31), angiography demonstrated two direct and 27 indirect, and two direct and 29 indirect signs of hemorrhage, respectively. No statistically significant differences were observed (x2=0.005, p=0.945). Among the embolized feeder ressels in group I (n=30) there were 20 bronchial artery and 10 non bronchial systemic collaterals, while for group II(n=35), the corresponding totals were 21 and 14. Again, no statistically significant differences were encountered(x2=0.308; p=0.579). In group I, feeders were newly developed in one case(10%), previously embolized in five(50%), and missed in four(40%), while in group two the corresponding figures were none, twelve(92.3%), and one(7.7%). No significant differences were noted, though the incidence of previously embolized feeders in Group II was very high (x2=5.383, p=0.068). CONCLUSION: Among patients in whom hemoptysis after BAE recurred at different times, the angiographic findings and number of embolized arteries were not significantly different, but differences in the nature of the feeder were noted. Patients in whom hemoptysis recurred more than two weeks after BAE showed more recanalization of previously embolized feeders than those in whom there was recurrence within two weeks.
Angiography ; Arteries ; Bronchial Arteries ; Hemoptysis* ; Hemorrhage* ; Humans ; Incidence ; Recurrence ; Retrospective Studies

OBJECTIVES: The study was designed to evaluate the role of the 5-HT2 and dopanmine D2 antagonist on spontaneous alternation behaviour which is an animal model of obsessive compulsive disorder in rat. On the basis of serotonin-dopamine interaction hypothesis, the effect of clozapine was evaluated by applying the suppressed spontaneous alternation behaviour model. METHODS: The apparatus for spontaneous alternation behaviour was a black plexiglas T-maze with distinctive black and white goal boxes. Black guillotine doors separated the start box and the goal boxes from the main body of the T-maze. Small cups of chocolate milk were placed in the corners of both goal boxes. At 24 hours prior to experiment, rats(spraque-Dawley) were food-deprived. The food-deprived rate were put into T-maze, in which both goal during which it was placed in the start box and allowed to choose one of the goal boxes for each time. The mean number of choices until the occurrence of spontaneous altemation behaviour were checked. After baseline of the number of choices of spontaneous altemation behaviour was stabilized, the spontaneous altemation was disrupted by nonselective 5-HT agonist, 5-MeODMT(1.25mg/kg/IP). The experimental animals were stratified nito 5 groups : clomipramine(5mg/kg/IP), clozapine(10mg/kg/IP), clozapine(20mg/kg/IP), haloperidol(0.1mg/kg/IP), and saline(0.2cc/IP) control groups. They all went through 21 days fo treatment(intraperitoneal). The protective effects against the 5-McODMT-induced disruption of spontaneous alternation behaviour were evaluated on the next day of drug treatment in each group. RESULTS: 1) SAB was supressed by 5-McODMT injection. 2) After 21 days of the drug treatment, the clozapine and the clomipramine groups showed significant difference from the haloperidol and the saline control groups in the reversal of 5-McODMT-induced from the haloperidol and the saline control groups in the reversal of 5-MeODMT-induced suppression of spontaneous altermation behaviour. 3) The clozapine(20mg/kg/IP) group was superior to the clomipramine group in the protective effect of 5-MeODMT-induced suppression of spontaneous alternation behaviour. CONCLUSION: In clinical situation, the we think that atypical antipsychotic drugs those acting as serotonin and dopamine receptor antagonist with no extrapyramidal side effect can be beneficial to improve the symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder.
Animals ; Antipsychotic Agents ; Cacao ; Clomipramine ; Clozapine* ; Haloperidol ; Milk ; Models, Animal ; Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder ; Polymethyl Methacrylate ; Rats* ; Receptors, Dopamine ; Serotonin ; Serotonin Receptor Agonists

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: In this study, the apoptogenic activity and mechanisms of cell death induced by hexane extract of aged black garlic (HEABG) were investigated in human leukemic U937 cells. MATERIALS/METHODS: Cytotoxicity was evaluated by MTT (3-(4, 5-dimethyl-thiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyl tetrazoliumbromide) assay. Apoptosis was detected using 4,6-diamidino-2-phenyllindile (DAPI) staining, agarose gel electrophoresis and flow cytometry. The protein levels were determined by Western blot analysis. Caspase activity was measured using a colorimetric assay. RESULTS: Exposure to HEABG was found to result in a concentration- and time-dependent growth inhibition by induction of apoptosis, which was associated with an up-regulation of death receptor 4 and Fas legend, and an increase in the ratio of Bax/Bcl-2 protein expression. Apoptosis-inducing concentrations of HEABG induced the activation of caspase-9, an initiator caspase of the mitochodrial mediated intrinsic pathway, and caspase-3, accompanied by proteolytic degradation of poly(ADP-ribose)-polymerase. HEABG also induced apoptosis via a death receptor mediated extrinsic pathway by caspase-8 activation, resulting in the truncation of Bid, and suggesting the existence of cross-talk between the extrinsic and intrinsic pathways. However, pre-treatment of U937 cells with the caspase-3 inhibitor, z-DEVD-fmk, significantly blocked the HEABG-induced apoptosis of these cells, and increased the survival rate of HEABG-treated cells, confirming that HEABG-induced apoptosis is mediated through activation of caspase cascade. CONCLUSIONS: Based on the overall results, we suggest that HEABG reduces leukemic cell growth by inducing caspase-dependent apoptosis through both intrinsic and extrinsic pathways, implying its potential therapeutic value in the treatment of leukemia.
Apoptosis* ; Blotting, Western ; Caspase 3 ; Caspase 8 ; Caspase 9 ; Cell Death ; Electrophoresis, Agar Gel ; Flow Cytometry ; Garlic* ; Humans* ; Leukemia ; Receptors, TNF-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand ; Survival Rate ; U937 Cells* ; Up-Regulation

BACKGROUND: Left ventricular hypertrophy(LVH) is known to increase the risk of sudden cardiac death, potentially in association with exercise. Increased QT disepersion(QTd) has been reported to pridict the risk of ventricular tachyarrhythmias. However, it is unknown whether various etiologies of LVH alter QTd in the same manner during and after exercise. Method: 2-D echocardiography and symptom-limited treadmill exercise test were performed in 34 hypertrophic cardiomyopathy(HCMP), 27 hypertensive hypertrophy(HTN), 20 athlete's heart(Athlete) and normal controls. QTd was measured at baseline(QTd0), at peak exercise(QTdp), after 1min (QTd1), and after 5 min(QTd5). And corrected QTd(QTcd)s were calculated. Result: Baseline QTd in HCMP group was greater than that of other groups. QTd at peak exercise of HCMP group was greater than that of other groups. There was insignificant serial change of QTd in each group. In all groups, QTcd increased at peak exercise and decreased after exercise. QTcds at baseline and at peak exercise in HCMP group were greater than those of other groups. Only in HCMP group, QTcd5 remained higher than QTcd0. CONCLUSION: Serial changes of QTcd at peak exercise and after exercise were different according to the etiology of LVH. The risk of sudden death related to exercise in patients with LVH would be different among patients with various LVH etiologies.
Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic ; Death, Sudden ; Death, Sudden, Cardiac ; Echocardiography ; Exercise Test ; Humans ; Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular* ; Tachycardia

OBJECT & METHOD: Thirty-four patients (mean age: 58.1+/-8.3 years, M:F=1:13) with angina in the absence of previous myocardial infarction, who underwent percutaneous coronary intervention (stenting and/or balloon PTCA, n=5) or coronary arterial bypass grafting (CABG, n=) were evaluated to assess the relationships between the degree of improvement in myocardial dipyridamole Tl-201 SPECT and the degree of decrease in QTc dispersion after coronary revascularization. QTc dispersions were measured manually using digitizer by a single observer from ECGs printed at 25mm/sec, 1 day before, immediately, 1 day, and 1 month after the revascularization procedure. Myocardial Tl-201 SPECTs were performed before and 1 month after the revascularization and ischemic indices were measured in all cases. RESULTS: Mean QTc dispersion was 51.4+/-17.0msec before revascularization, 42.6+/-15.1msec immediately after, 45.6+/-19.3msec 1 day after and 37.4+/-11.6msec 1 month after revascularization. The decrease of QTc dispersion immediate (p=.001) and 1 month (p<0.001) after revascularization, were statistically significant. Mean Tl-201 SPECT ischemic index measured before the revascularization (7.8+/-5.9) was significantly higher (p<0.001) than the one measured 1 month after the revascularization (1.5+/-2.8). But, in deltaischemic index (ischemic index before revascularization-ischemic index 1 month afer revascularization), there was no significant difference between the patients with decrease in QTc dispersion after revascularization(6.2+/-6.3, n=7) and the patients without decrease in QTc dispersion (6.6+/-5.2, n=). There was no statistically significant correlation between deltaQTc (QTc dispersion before revascularization-QTc dispersion 1 month afer revascularization) and delta ischemic index in total subjects. CONCLUSION: QTc dispersions decrease after successful coronary revascularizations in patients with angina, but considering the relationships between the changes of QTc dispersions and ischemic indices in myocardial dipyridamole Tl-201 SPECT, the degree of decrease in QTc dispersion after coronary revascularization does not have the relationships with the quantitative degree of improvement in myocardial ischemia.
Dipyridamole ; Electrocardiography ; Humans ; Myocardial Infarction ; Myocardial Ischemia* ; Percutaneous Coronary Intervention ; Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-Photon ; Transplants

OBJECT & METHOD: Thirty-four patients (mean age: 58.1+/-8.3 years, M:F=1:13) with angina in the absence of previous myocardial infarction, who underwent percutaneous coronary intervention (stenting and/or balloon PTCA, n=5) or coronary arterial bypass grafting (CABG, n=) were evaluated to assess the relationships between the degree of improvement in myocardial dipyridamole Tl-201 SPECT and the degree of decrease in QTc dispersion after coronary revascularization. QTc dispersions were measured manually using digitizer by a single observer from ECGs printed at 25mm/sec, 1 day before, immediately, 1 day, and 1 month after the revascularization procedure. Myocardial Tl-201 SPECTs were performed before and 1 month after the revascularization and ischemic indices were measured in all cases. RESULTS: Mean QTc dispersion was 51.4+/-17.0msec before revascularization, 42.6+/-15.1msec immediately after, 45.6+/-19.3msec 1 day after and 37.4+/-11.6msec 1 month after revascularization. The decrease of QTc dispersion immediate (p=.001) and 1 month (p<0.001) after revascularization, were statistically significant. Mean Tl-201 SPECT ischemic index measured before the revascularization (7.8+/-5.9) was significantly higher (p<0.001) than the one measured 1 month after the revascularization (1.5+/-2.8). But, in deltaischemic index (ischemic index before revascularization-ischemic index 1 month afer revascularization), there was no significant difference between the patients with decrease in QTc dispersion after revascularization(6.2+/-6.3, n=7) and the patients without decrease in QTc dispersion (6.6+/-5.2, n=). There was no statistically significant correlation between deltaQTc (QTc dispersion before revascularization-QTc dispersion 1 month afer revascularization) and delta ischemic index in total subjects. CONCLUSION: QTc dispersions decrease after successful coronary revascularizations in patients with angina, but considering the relationships between the changes of QTc dispersions and ischemic indices in myocardial dipyridamole Tl-201 SPECT, the degree of decrease in QTc dispersion after coronary revascularization does not have the relationships with the quantitative degree of improvement in myocardial ischemia.
Dipyridamole ; Electrocardiography ; Humans ; Myocardial Infarction ; Myocardial Ischemia* ; Percutaneous Coronary Intervention ; Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-Photon ; Transplants

It was suggested that temporary vascular insufficiency within the wall of the colon causes iachemic colitis. So, motivated by this fact, we studied and analyzed 15 cases of iachemic colitis, which were confirmed by the diagnostic criteria of Nagasako(1982), through 32 months from January, 1993 to August, 1995 at Our Lady of Mercy Hospital, Incheon.(continue...)
Colitis ; Colitis, Ischemic* ; Colon