BACKGROUND: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD) is one of the major contributors to morbidity and mortality amont the adult population. Cigarette smoking(CS) is undoubtedly the single most important factor in the pathogenesis of COPD. However, its mechanism is unclear. The current hyopthesis regarding the pathogenesis of COPD postulates that an imbalance between proteases and antiproteases leads to the destructive changes in the lung parenchyma. This study had two aims. First, to evaluate the effect of CS exposure on histologic changes of the lung parenchyme, and second, to evaluate the effect of CS exposure on the expression of the gelatinolytic enzymes in BAL fluid cells in guinea pigs. METHODS: Two groups of five guinea pigs were exposed to the whole smoke of 20 commerical cigarettes per day, 5 hours/day, 5 days/week, for 6 weeks, and 12 weeks, respectively, using a smoking apparatus. Five agematched guinea pigs exposed to room air were used as controls. Five or more sections were microscopically examined(×400) and the number of cellular infiltration of the alveolar wall was measured in order to evaluate the effect of CS exposure on the histologic changes of lung parenchyme. The statistical significance was analyzed by a linear regression method. To evaluate the expression of the gelatinolytic enzymes in intraalveolar cells, BAL fluid was obtained and the intraalveolar cells were separated by centrifugation (500 g for 10 min at 4℃). Two sets of culture plates were loaded with 1×106 intraalveolar cells. One plate, contained 0.1mM EDTA, a inhibitor of matrix metalloproteases(MMPs), and the other plate had no EDTA. Both plates were incubated for 48 hours at 37℃. After incubation, gelatinolytic protease expression in the supernatants was analyzed by gelatin zymography. RESULTS: At the end of CS exposure, the level of blood carboxy Hb had increased significantly(4.1g/dl in control group, 24g/dl immediately after CS exposure, 18g/dl 30 min after CS exposure). Alveolar inflammatory cells were identified in the CS exposed guinea pigs. The number of alveolar cellular cells observed in a microscopic field (400×) was 121.4±7.2, 158.0±20.2, 196.8±32.8, in the control, the 6 weeks, and the 12 weeks group, respectively. The increased extent of inflammatory cellular infiltration of the lung parenchema showed a statistically significant linear relationship with the duration of CS exposure(p=0.001, r2=0.675). Several types of gelatinolytic enzymes in the intraalveolar cells of CS exposed guinea pigs were expressed, of which some were inhibited by EDTA. However, the gelatinolytic enzymes were not expressed in the control groups. CONCLUSION: CS exposure increases inflammatory cellular infiltration of the alveolar wall and the expression of gelatinolytic preoteases in guinea pigs. EDTA inhibits some of the gelatinolytic proteases. These findings suggest a possibility that CS exposure may increase MMP expression in the lungs of gunea pigs.
Adult ; Animals ; Centrifugation ; Edetic Acid ; Gelatin ; Guinea Pigs* ; Guinea* ; Humans ; Linear Models ; Lung* ; Mortality ; Peptide Hydrolases* ; Protease Inhibitors ; Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive ; Smoke* ; Smoking* ; Swine ; Tobacco Products

BACKGROUND: Although lung involvement has been reported in 5 to 46% of dermatomyositis/polymyositis (DM/PM) patients, reports of the condition in Korea are rare. This study evaluated the clinical features of lung involvement in DM/PM patients. METHODS: The medical records, laboratory results and radiologic findings of 79 DM/PM patients, who attended the Seoul National University Hospital (SNUH) between 1989 and 1999, were reviewed retrospectively. RESULTS: A total 79 patients of whom 24 patients(33%) showed lung involvement, were enrolled in this study. More patients with lung involvement were female(F:M=11:1), and older compared with those without lung involvement. Patients with lung involvement presented with dyspnea(79%), coughing(67%), an elevated ESR, and CK/LD. Anti-Jo 1 antibody test was positive in 30%, which is significantly higher in patients with lung involvement. A simple chest X-ray of the patients with lung involvement exhibited reticular opacity(50%), reticulonodular opacity(30%), patchy opacity(29%), nodular opacity(13%) and linear opacity(4%). HRCT(n=24) showed ground glass opacity(75%), linear or septal thickening(50%), patchy consolidation(42%), honey-combing(33%) and nodular opacity(17%). The pulmonary function test showed a restrictive ventilatory pattern(77%) and a lower diffusing capacity(62%). The patients were followed up during a mean duration of 30±28 months. They were treated with steroid only(50%) or a combination of steroids and cytotoxic agents(46%). Muscle symptoms were improved in 89% with treatment, but an improvement in the respiratory symptoms or in the pulmonary function test was rare. Patients with lung involvement had a higher mortality rate(21%) than those without lung involvement(10%) during the follow-up periods. CONCLUSION: DM/PM patients with lung involvement were mostly female, older and had a higher positive rate Anti-Jo 1 antibodies, but there was no significant difference in prognosis.
Antibodies ; Dermatomyositis ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Glass ; Humans ; Korea ; Lung Diseases, Interstitial ; Lung* ; Medical Records ; Mortality ; Polymyositis ; Prognosis ; Respiratory Function Tests ; Retrospective Studies ; Seoul ; Steroids ; Thorax