Acrylic resin is commonly used to fabricate removable prostheses due to its adequate physical, mechanical properties and cost effectiveness. There has been continuous development of the materials to improve their properties and to widen its application in different clinical setting. To study the history development of the acrylic resin and elaborate on the properties of different types and the processing methods of acrylic resins used to fabricate denture base which are commercially available in the market. This would help the dental clinician in choosing the best material of choice. The authors have summarized the history, development and classification of different types of acrylic resins used in fabricating denture and processing methods based on all the published research available on this topic using published materials available in the Dental Library, University of Malaya and the database (Science Direct, PubMed). Every type of acrylic denture base material has its pros and cons. Therefore, careful selection of material and the processing method is crucial to ensure the best outcome for prosthodontic treatment. Hence, upholding the patients’ best interest and improving their quality of life.

This case involved periodontal supportive care after non-surgical management of localized, severe chronic periodontitis (possibly with a history of aggressive periodontitis) and periodontal abscess. This included maintaining the current periodontal health, and rehabilitation of patient’s oral function and aesthetic concern using simple, economical and reversible direct restorations without further damaging the patient’s dentition for example composite resin as splint. Besides that, to address the patient’s complaint of unsightly gaps in between the teeth, an acrylic gingival prosthesis with denture tooth incorporated was constructed.

When fixed partial dentures (FPDs) are being suggested to patients, the frequent inquiry by patients is the anticipated longevity and length of service. Previous reports have provided limited information on the accurate measurements of good clinical outcome and the length of good years in service. This confuses the clinicians as well as the patients in determining the treatment of choice. In the present article, the indicator of ‘success’ and ‘survival’ will be discussed in determining the longevity of various FPDs such as conventional, resin bonded and implant retained. After reviewing the articles, it is good if the indicator of ‘success’ can be used as an indicator of longevity and good clinical outcome. Besides that, studies with at least 10 years of observation are probably of higher evidence for longevity of restorations.

Introduction: Dental anxiety is a common problem faced by dental practitioners worldwide. Generally, the management of dental anxiety can be classified as pharmacological and non-pharmacological approaches, in multiple studies and reports available on this subject. Aims and objectives: This paper will provide a general overview of the pharmacological and nonpharmacological strategies in the management of dental anxiety, supported by dental literature. This would help dental practitioners understand the benefits and limitations of the different methods of treating their anxious patients. Methodology: This is a narrative review and a summary of the different approaches and methods available in the management of dental anxiety. Relevant articles were searched from the online databases of PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar, and the keywords used to identify the papers were ‘Dental Anxiety’, ‘Pharmacological’, and ‘Non-pharmacological’. Conclusion Appropriate management of dental anxiety is crucial to ensure a successful dental procedure. The choice of the anxiety management must be based on the complete understanding of the particular patient, identifying the source of anxiety, and working hand-in-hand with the patient for better oral health care.
Dental Anxiety ; Pharmacological

The undergraduate dental degree in Malaysia is regulated by the Malaysian Dental Council (MDC) (Standard of Undergraduate Competencies), Code of Professional Conduct of the Malaysian Dental Council, the Malaysian Qualification Framework 2.0 and the Malaysian Quality Agency (MQA) quality assurance documents. These primary documents emphasize the importance of professional ethics and law in dentistry as will be further detailed and discussed later. This study reflects on the need to integrate ethics, professionalism and law with sufficient coverage in terms of content and emphasis in the dental undergraduate curriculum. Literature and benchmarking practices are reviewed for a deeper reflection of the current needs in a professional dental ethics and law education course. The present study is primarily focused on regulatory requirements, legal cases and comparative literature to serve as a reference on how professional ethics and law courses may be conducted. As an incidental measure, a reflection as to how the course of study of professional ethics is delivered in a local university is considered in a selected local university’s undergraduate dental curriculum. The findings indicate that ethics professionalism and dental law is not given sufficient emphasis as it is included as one of the minor components within another overcrowded subject and the coverage of what is taught is limited in context. This paper is an invitation to all dental schools to review and reflect whether, given the emphasis on professional ethics, legal and regulatory compliance in the regulatory documents, it is adequately reflected in their dental curriculum. In this regard, some benchmarking references are done to suggest what such a course should cover, for consideration of the dental schools.
Ethics, Dental

Introduction: Flexible denture is an alternative treatment modality for removable partial denture (RPD) that aid the retention by ensuring seal around the entire border of the denture. It is also referred as hypoallergenic denture especially for those who are allergic towards conventional acrylic denture which is the poly-methylmethacrylate monomer (PMMA) and metal (cobalt chromium). The flexible material exhibits lower flexural modulus than conventional type of baseplate material denture that makes it nearly unbreakable. Nowadays, there are a handful of different flexible materials in the dental market for the general dental practitioners to choose but somehow the studies on the properties of these different types of flexible materials are sparse. Objectives: The present study is to study the development of the flexible materials, the different type of flexible materials and their physical properties. Methods: From the limited article journals available, the authors have summarized the history, development and constituents of different type of flexible materials used in fabricating denture. Besides that, the authors also discussed about the indications, contraindications, advantages and disadvantages of the materials in denture constructions based on all the published researches available on this topic using published materials available in the dental library, University of Malaya and the databases (Science Direct, PubMed). Conclusion Each flexible material has its pros and cons. Therefore, careful selection of material and understanding of the flexible dentures’ indications and contraindications are utmost importance to make sure the best treatment outcome. Hence, patients’ best interest and quality of life can be upheld.
Contraindications

Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are the most abundant forms of human genetic variations and resources for mapping complex genetic traits and disease association studies. We have constructed a linkage disequilibrium(LD) map of chromosome 22 in Korean samples and compared it with those of other populations, including Yorubans in Ibadan, Nigeria (YRI), Centred'Etude du Polymorphisme Humain (CEPH) reference families (CEU), Japanese in Tokyo (JPT) and Han Chinese in Beijing (CHB) in the HapMap database. We genotyped 4681 of 111,448 publicly available SNPs in 90 unrelated Koreans. Among genotyped SNPs, 4167 were polymorphic. Three hundred and five LD blocks were constructed to make up 18.6% (6.4 of 34.5 Mb) of chromosome 22 with 757 tagSNPs and 815 haplotypes(frequency > or = 5.0%). Of 3430 common SNPs genotyped in all five populations, 514 were monomorphic in Koreans. The CHB + JPT samples have more than a 72% overlap with the monomorphic SNPs in Koreans, while the CEU + YRI samples have less than a 38% overlap. The patterns of hot spots and LD blocks were dispersed throughout chromosome 22, with some common blocks among populations, highly concordant between the three Asian samples. Analysis of the distribution of chimpanzee-derived allele frequency (DAF), a measure of genetic differentiation, Fst levels, and allele frequency difference (AFD) among Koreans and the HapMap samples showed a strong correlation between the Asians, while the CEU and YRI samples showed a very weak correlation with Korean samples. Relative distance as a quantitative measurement based upon DAF, Fst, and AFD indicated that all three Asian samples are very proximate, while CEU and YRI are significantly remote from the Asian samples. Comparative genome-wide LD studies provide useful information on the association studies of complex diseases.
Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; Chromosomes, Human, Pair 22 ; Gene Frequency ; Genetic Variation ; Haplotypes ; HapMap Project ; Humans ; Nigeria ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; Tokyo

Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are the most abundant forms of human genetic variations and resources for mapping complex genetic traits and disease association studies. We have constructed a linkage disequilibrium(LD) map of chromosome 22 in Korean samples and compared it with those of other populations, including Yorubans in Ibadan, Nigeria (YRI), Centred'Etude du Polymorphisme Humain (CEPH) reference families (CEU), Japanese in Tokyo (JPT) and Han Chinese in Beijing (CHB) in the HapMap database. We genotyped 4681 of 111,448 publicly available SNPs in 90 unrelated Koreans. Among genotyped SNPs, 4167 were polymorphic. Three hundred and five LD blocks were constructed to make up 18.6% (6.4 of 34.5 Mb) of chromosome 22 with 757 tagSNPs and 815 haplotypes(frequency > or = 5.0%). Of 3430 common SNPs genotyped in all five populations, 514 were monomorphic in Koreans. The CHB + JPT samples have more than a 72% overlap with the monomorphic SNPs in Koreans, while the CEU + YRI samples have less than a 38% overlap. The patterns of hot spots and LD blocks were dispersed throughout chromosome 22, with some common blocks among populations, highly concordant between the three Asian samples. Analysis of the distribution of chimpanzee-derived allele frequency (DAF), a measure of genetic differentiation, Fst levels, and allele frequency difference (AFD) among Koreans and the HapMap samples showed a strong correlation between the Asians, while the CEU and YRI samples showed a very weak correlation with Korean samples. Relative distance as a quantitative measurement based upon DAF, Fst, and AFD indicated that all three Asian samples are very proximate, while CEU and YRI are significantly remote from the Asian samples. Comparative genome-wide LD studies provide useful information on the association studies of complex diseases.
Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; Chromosomes, Human, Pair 22 ; Gene Frequency ; Genetic Variation ; Haplotypes ; HapMap Project ; Humans ; Nigeria ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; Tokyo

ABSTRACT Education worldwide has been conducted in the traditional face-to-face classroom teaching style for ages, and this includes the education in dentistry. Since the introduction of online education and distance learning, teaching institutions have gradually made e-learning an integral part of teaching and learning activities. With the emergence of COVID-19 pandemic and closure of teaching institutions worldwide, the faculty of dentistry is amongst the many that were forced to leap onto the online education field abruptly. There is a sudden need for educators to resort to online teaching and e-learning becomes an essential tool to be developed as an alternative to traditional education methods. This article serves as a review to explore and discuss the common concerns and institutional readiness in delivering e-learning and review the methods currently utilised during this time of crisis.
Education, Dental ; Education, Distance ; COVID-19