Objective To improve the nutritional knowledge and dietary habit of medical students in Lanzhou region for their health.Methods A self-designed survey of nutritional knowledge,attitude,and practice(KAP)was made on 329 medical students in Lanzhou region,with a subsequent nutritional education given to 195 volunteers in the form of lectures,consulting,publicizing materials issuing,among other things.An analysis was made on the effect of the nutritional education using the relevant KAP's self-comparision prior and subsequent to the nutritional education and using the students' response to the nutritional education.Results Before the education,the students in question scored 42.27?8.29 on knowledge,14.29?1.93 on attitude,and 16.39?2.17 on practice.After the education,the three scores rose to 46.52?6.78,15.20?0.98,and 18.39?2.17 respectively,and the students tended to acquire nutritional knowledge through ways of more variety.Their correct dietary practice increased by 15.75%.Their demand for nutritional knowledge became increasingly diversified,a case of which was that their demand for prevention knowledge of malnutrition rose by 20.75%.Through the education,the students in question had an obvious change in their dietary knowledge,attitude,and practice.Conclusions Giving nutritional knowledge education to the medical students in Lanzhou region in a flexible way has a good effect.Their healthful dietary practice should be intensified simultaneously with the improvement of their nutritional knowledge.

Objective To study the level of vitamin A of children aged 7～14 in the Dongxiang and Bonan ethnic ghettos.Methods Fifty-seven children aged seven to fourteen were sampled from rural areas in the Dongxiang and Bonan ethnic ghettos from Dongxiang Autonomous County and Jishishan region,Gansu Province.The vitamin A level in serum was detected using the fluorescence method.Results The average level of vitamin A in serum was(1.41?0.42)?mol/L for children aged seven to fourteen in the Dongxiang region,and of all the fifty-seven children,there was 4 SVAD(accounted for 7.0%)and 10 suspicious SVAD(accounted for 17.6%).The average level of vitamin A in serum was(1.67?0.53)?mol/L for children aged seven to fourteen in the Bonan region,and of all the fifty-seven children,there was 1 SVAD(accounted for 1.7%)and 7 suspicious SVAD(accounted for 12.3%).There was statistically significant difference in different national and aged groups,but no difference in SVAD and suspicious SVAD.Conclusions SVAD and suspicious SVAD exist in the Dongxiang and Bonan region,and the intervention of vitamin A supplementation should focus on children suffering from SVAD and suspicious SVAD.

Objective:Through a study on knowledge, attitudes, and practice of tobacco control of medical staff in Gansu Province, the paper aims to analyze the issues of participation, community tobacco control leadership and other aspects that impact the creation of a smoke-free healthcare system in order to provide a basis for the formulation of policies to improve the health professional mechanism of tobacco control. Methods:The stratified cluster sampling method was adopted to select 34 companies, accounting for a total of 805 medical staff as the study population in all kinds of health institutions. A self-designed questionnaire was adopted to investigate their knowledge, attitudes, and practice via on-site self-administered surveys. Results:the medical staff lacks knowledge as to the depth and breadth of damage from the use of tobacco. Although their attitude towards tobacco control is positive, the comprehensive to-bacco control service capabilities are insufficient. Logistic regression analysis showed that tobacco control capabilities of medical staff is related to their attitude toward smoking and whether or not they discourage smoking or asking about smoking . Conclusion:The key to the creation of a smoke-free health system to lead the community in tobacco control is the targeted tobacco cessation knowledge and skills training of medical staff to reduce smoking rates among medical staff and enhance the awareness of administrative staff.

Objective To evaluate the dietary quality of children aged 3 to 6 years during the kindergarten period in Lanzhou City using the Dietary Balance Index (DBI). Methods Based on kindergarten grades and geographical locations, 304 recipes for different semesters from 2014 to 2017 in 40 kindergartens in Lanzhou City were randomly selected with a sampling ratio of 5％(291 recipes with no recipes 13 copies) as the research object. Adjusted DBI indicators for children aged 3 to 6 years were used to evaluate the dietary quality of the recipes during the kindergarten period in the sample. Using the Kruskal-Wallis H rank-sum test, the food consumption rates and DBI evaluation results of the kindergartens in Lanzhou City were analyzed. Results Results of the sub-group diet scores that were close to the recommended intake (DBI scores between-2 to 2) showed that cereals, fresh vegetables, nuts and beans, fish, shrimp, eggs, and snacks accounted for the ideal intake of more than 80％of all the recipes. The diet scores of fruits, meat, and processed products ranged from 50％to 80％, and that for milk accounted for only 26.8％. Analyzing the type of food intake showed that the proportion of recipes that included eating more than six types of food per day was 98.3％. Analyzing by kindergarten level and year showed that the overall dietary quality problems with the studied recipes were mainly caused by insufficient intake and dietary imbalance, and the difference was statistically significant. Among them, the lack of intake in 2017 and the degree of dietary imbalance were greater compared to the other years. The level of insufficiency and dietary imbalance in the third-grade kindergartens were higher than those in the first- and second-grade kindergartens. Dietary pattern A recipes accounted for 63.6％ of the kindergarten recipes, and there were no recipes for dietary patterns C, F, G, H, and I. Conclusion The dietary quality problems of kindergartens in Lanzhou City were mainly reflected in the inadequate dietary intake and dietary imbalance. The supervision of dietary quality by kindergartens should be strengthened and the concept of a balanced diet should be promoted. The dietary management of third-grade kindergartens should be simultaneously strengthened.

Objective: To study the effect of iodine deficiency on body weight, food consumption, and food utilization rate of second filial generation Wistar rats. Methods: According to the food pattern of a high-iodine deficient population, two types of low-iodine food have been produced using the main crops grown in this area (iodine levels of 50 and 20 μg/kg, respectively). Wistar rats were randomly divided into three groups, normal iodine group (NI group), low-iodine group one (LI group) and low-iodine group two (LII group), using the random number table method and fed diets containing 300, 50, and 20 μg/kg of iodine, respectively. Parental generation rats were fed until they reached reproductive age; first filial generation rats were allocated to the same diet as their mothers. After 3 months of feeding, first filial generation rats gave birth to second filial generation rats; second filial generation rats were allocated to the same diet as their mothers. After feeding for 90, 180, and 270 days, rats were sacrificed. One-way analysis of variance was used to analyze body weight, food intake, and food utilization rate data collected during the time of feeding and blood iodine hormone level, which was determined after sacrifice. Results: The LI and LII groups generally demonstrated decreased activity, slow reaction, and growth retardation compared with the NI group. After 270 days, the urine iodine levels of the LI and LII groups were 1.7 and 0.2 μg/L, respectively, which were significantly lower than the NI group (255.2 μg/L) (P<0.001). Additionally, the weight of female rats in the LI and LII groups were (288.1±10.5) and (275.7±2.7) g, respectively, which was significantly lower than that of the NI group ((311.0±2.3) g) (P<0.001). The weight of male rats were (446.0±4.6) and (451.8±19.1) g, respectively, which were significantly lower than that of the NI group ((517.2±7.8) g) (P<0.001). In the LI and LII groups, food intake of female and male rats after 270 days were (465.0±27.7), (658.4±28.6) and (423.0±13.2), (548.0±18.8) g, respectively, which were significantly lower than that of the NI group ((499.5±21.8), (760.8±33.0) g) (P<0.001). Moreover, the food utilization rate of female rats in the LI and LII groups was (8.7±0.4)% and (6.0±0.58)%, which was lower than that of the NI group ((11.7±3.5)%) (P<0.001); similarly, male rats showed rates of (8.9±1.5)% and (6.9±1.31)%, respectively, which were lower than that of the NI group ((13.7±3.0)%) (P<0.001). After 270 days, the level of T3 in the LI and LII groups were (0.45±0.10) and (0.34±0.15) ng/ml, respectively, which was significantly lower than that of the NI group ((0.91±0.49) ng/ml) (P<0.01). Moreover, the level of T4 were (69.02±27.87) , (53.18±13.53) ng/ml in LI and LII groups, respectively, which was lower than that of the NI group ((76.69±29.42) ng/ml) (P<0.05). Conclusion This study indicated that iodine deficiency induced by a long-term low-iodine diet can cause changes in weight, food intake, and food utilization rate among second filial iodine deficiency rats. More importantly, the iodine content in low-iodine food impacts these parameters.

Objective To observe the effect of long-term intake of low iodine diet on thyroid morphological structure and sodium iodine transporter (NIS) in parental and second filial generation rats, and to explore the changes of NIS protein expression in iodine deficiency disease (IDD), so as to further verify and explore the mechanism of IDD. Methods Referring to "Nutritional Composition of Experimental Animals With Feed" (GB 14924.3-2010), the crops widely planted and with high edible rate in the traditional cretinism epidemic area of Xinjiang were used as the main feed components to prepare different levels of iodine (low iodine groups 1 and 2 feed the iodine contents were about 50 and 20 μg/kg). The IDD rat model was established by the three-generation two-nest method, that is, 132 SPF Wistar rats were selected after weaning, half males and half females, randomly divided into 3 groups according to body mass by random number table method: control group (N, 52 rats, 22 females, 30 males, the iodine content was about 300 μg/kg), low iodine groups 1 and 2 (LⅠ, LⅡ, 40 rats, 22 females, 18 males in each group). Twelve rats in each group were sacrificed at the end of 3, 6, 9 months, respectively, half males and half females. The relative weight of thyroid was calculated and the gross structure and microscopic pathology were observed. The expression of NIS protein was determined by Western blotting. At the end of 3 months after feeding, four female rats in each group were selected to mate with male rats in group N in 1 : 1, and the newborn mice were fed the same way for three months and then subcultured again. The rat generation continued to be fed according to the mother group, and 10-12 rats were sacrificed at the end of 3, 6, 9 months, respectively, and the specimens and observation indexes results were collected same as the parental rats. Results The relative weight of the thyroid in parental LⅠand LⅡ groups were higher than those in the N group at 6 and 9 months [female:(19.67 ± 5.60), (23.81 ± 4.08) vs (10.14 ± 1.20);(22.24 ± 2.06), (33.51 ± 3.24) vs (9.80 ± 1.96);male:(13.0 ± 3.70), (13.84 ± 4.08) vs (5.90 ± 1.20);(14.20 ± 2.67), (19.98 ± 2.84) vs (6.06 ± 0.76), P < 0.05], the females were higher than the males at 3, 6, 9 months (P<0.05). The relative weight of the thyroid in second filial generation LⅠand LⅡgroups were higher than that in the N group at 3, 6 and 9 months (P < 0.05). Except the 6 month LⅠ group, the relative weight of thyroid in the other groups was higher than that in the male (P<0.05). In prolonged iodine-deficiency process, LⅠ and LⅡ groups, the color of the thyroid gland for parental and second filial generation rats appeared darkening, hyperemia and swelling. At the same time, microscopic pathology showed that the thyroid gland of different generations showed increased follicles and smaller follicular cavities. Epithelial cell hyperplasia and interstitial fibrosis and interstitial inflammatory cell infiltration at the end of 9 months were observed. At 3, 6, and 9 months after low iodine, the expression of NIS protein in the LⅠ and LⅡ parental and second filial generation rats was higher than that in the N group (P<0.05). Conclusions Long-term low iodine in different levels of feed can cause compensatory thyroid enlargement and hyperplasia in both parental and offspring rats, the expression of NIS protein has continued to rise.

Objective:Analyze the monitoring results of drinking water-type endemic fluorosis in Gansu Province, understand the epidemic situation of endemic fluorosis and the operation of water improvement projects, combined with the comprehensive evaluation of water improvement measures, to provide data support and scientific suggestions for making prevention and control measures and strategies of endemic fluorosis.Methods:A simple random sampling method was adopted; six surveillance cites in Gansu Province were selected from 2014 to 2017, including Zhangye, Wuwei, Linxia, Tianshui, Pingliang and Qingyang. In addition, three epidemic villages were selected as fixed monitoring villages in each city. The operation situation of water improvement projects and the fluoride content in drinking water were determined, and the dental fluorosis of children aged 8 to 12 was diagnosed.Results:There was no significant difference in water fluoride from 2014 to 2017 ( H = 1.397, P > 0.05), the normal operation rates of water improvement projects were 84.63% - 100.00%, and the water fluoride of all the water improvement projects in villages with water changed was up to the standard in 2017. In 2017, the average value of water fluoride in 3 of the 4 villages without water improvement exceeded the standard. A total of 4 901 children aged 8 to 12 were investigated, the dental fluorosis prevalence rate of whole children was 38.93% (1 908/4 901), and the dental fluorosis index was 0.64, showing a mild prevalence of dental fluorosis. In 2014 - 2017, the dental fluorosis prevalence rates of children were 29.47% (262/889), 47.24% (735/1 556), 46.60% (700/1 502) and 22.12% (211/954), respectively. Conclusions:The water improvement projects in Gansu Province run well, and the water fluoride exceeds the standard in some areas without water improvement. The detection rate of dental fluorosis of children shows a downward trend year by year, and the condition of fluorosis is effectively controlled. It is suggested to strengthen the operation monitoring and later maintenance of the water improvement projects, implement the water improvement projects in the villages without water improvement as soon as possible, and solve the problem of excessive fluoride content in drinking water of residents in the villages without water improvement.

【Objective】 To investigate the anemia status of infants and toddlers aged 6 - 24 months in Linxia Hui Autonomous Prefecture, Gansu Province, and to comprehensively evaluate the differences in feeding behaviors between anaemic and normal children through the infant and child feeding index (ICFI) and feeding knowledge scores, so as to provide reference for the guidance of infants and young children feeding in ethnic minority areas and the promotion of children′s growth and development. 【Methods】 Taking infants and young children aged 6 - 24 months in Linxia Prefecture as the study subjects, a multi-stage random sampling method was used to select children who met the requirements from 5 townships and 5 villages in 7 counties in 2019 and 2020.Periphral blood samples were collected to test the level of hemoglobin, so as to determine the anemia status.Meanwhile, physical examination was performed and a questionnaire survey of guardians was conducted to analyze the association betweenanaemia and feeding patterns 【Results】 A total of 3 901 infants and children were included in this study, of whom 729 (18.70%) were anaemic, with a mean ICFI score of 12.56±2.70 and a mean feeding knowledge score of 1.97±1.01.There was no statistically significant association of low feeding knowledge score and low ICFI with anaemia after adjusting for confounders (P>0.05), Unqualified meat addition in ICFI was a risk factor for anaemia (OR=1.355, P=0.042), while non-bottle feeding in the past 24 hours (OR=0.762, P=0.021), and breastfeeding in the past 24 hours of infants and toddlers aged 12 - 24 months (OR=0.228, P=0.018) were protective factor for anemia in infants and toddlers aged 12 - 24 months. 【Conclusions】 The average prevalence of anemia in infants and toddlers aged 6 - 24 months in Linxia Hui Autonomous Prefecture of Gansu Province is high, but the level of infant feeding and the level of feeding knowledge of caregivers are low.Early adherence to breastfeeding, timely addition of supplementary food, and more comsumpution of meat for children are conducive to preventing anemia.