The purpose of this study was to analyze and identify the higher-grade primary school children's needs for sexual education. We got the data with open question from 481 children from March to July 1999. We analyzed them according to the framework suggested by the Sex Information and Education Council of USA. The framework involves the six domains such as human development, relationship, personal skills, sexual behavior, sexual health, and society & culture. In the analysis of need for sexual education according to domain, need for human development was highest (79.2 %), after that followed society & culture (8.3 %), sexual health (5.8%), sexual behavior (3.6%), and relationships (3.1%). There was no need for personal skills. By topics, there were needs for puberty (38.0%), reproduction (32.5%), gender roles (6.0%), body image (4.9%), sexual abuse (2.4%) and reproductive health (2.4%). Girls and boys all mostly wanted to know human development 41.0 % and 38.2 % each. Society & culture (3.4 %), sexual behaviour (2.7%), sexual health (2.6%), relationship (2.4%) were domains selected by boys. Girls wanted to know society & culture (4.9%) and 'sexual health (3.2%). Comparing by grade, fourth, fifth and sixth grade children are commonly interested in development, society & culture. Fourth grade children scarcely show attention on the relationship, sexual behaviour and sexual health; meanwhile sixth grade children would like to know sexual behaviour and sexual health. When their grade became higher, they would like to know more precise, concrete and deep information. We suggest that the textbook/guidebook for sexual health for the higher-grade primary school children should be developed considering the sex and grade.
Adolescent ; Body Image ; Child* ; Education* ; Female ; Gender Identity ; Human Development ; Humans ; Puberty ; Reproduction ; Reproductive Health ; Sex Offenses ; Sexual Behavior ; Child Health

PURPOSE: This study was designed to examine the effects of a weight control program on body weight and the sense of efficacy for control of dietary behavior in psychiatric inpatients. METHODS: A quasi-experimental design was used. Data were collected from March 1 to September 30, 2007. Female mentally ill patients in closing psychiatry ward of H University Hospital participated in the study (16 persons in the experimental group and 13 in the control group). RESULTS: The weight control program including diet therapy, exercise, education and behavior modification therapy decreased the rate of weight gain in female mentally ill patients taking atypical antipsychotics, and effectively increased a sense of efficacy for control of dietary behavior. CONCLUSION: Weight control program had a positive effect as a nursing intervention to decrease obesity and to increase the sense of efficacy for control of dietary behavior of psychiatric inpatients in psychiatric inpatients.
Adult ; Cognitive Therapy ; Diet Therapy ; Exercise ; Female ; Health Behavior ; Hospitals, Psychiatric ; Humans ; Inpatients/psychology ; Mentally Ill Persons/*psychology ; Middle Aged ; Patient Education as Topic ; Psychiatric Nursing ; *Weight Loss

Solitary plasmacytoma of bone, one form of plasma cell neoplasms, is relatively rare. We successfully treated two cases of solitary plasmacytoma of the spine. Both patients underwent surgery. In a 46-year-old female, the tumor of C7 vertebral body was removed completely and the patient received postoperative radiotherapy(5400 rad). After a follow-up period of 27 months, she had no local recurrence. In the other 42-yea-old male, the tumor of the T6 vertebral body was partially removed and the patient did not receive postoperative radiotherapy. After 20 months, the patient had local recurrence with serious neurological deficits(paraparesis). We removed the regrown tumor mass totally, and his symptoms and signs were improved clinically. Then he received radiotherapy(5000 rad). After the mean follow up period of 33 months, neither patient developed disseminated systemic myeloma. The outcome of solitary osseous plasmacytoma is relatively good with surgically excision followed by local irradiation. Close long term follow-up of solitary plasmacytoma of bone is needed to detect progression to multiple myeloma. We report two cases of solitary plasmacytome of bone with a brief review of the literature.
Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Multiple Myeloma ; Neoplasms, Plasma Cell ; Plasmacytoma ; Radiotherapy ; Recurrence ; Spine*

BACKGROUND: There is controversy over whether aerobic or resistance exercise is more effective for improving endothelial function in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). This study was aimed to investigate the effects of an aerobic and resistance training program on endothelial function, and the influences of glycemic control, body weight changes, and aerobic capacity in T2DM. METHODS: Total 40 overweight women with T2DM were assigned into 3 groups: an aerobic exercise group (AEG, n=13), resistance exercise group (REG, n=12), and control group (CG, n=15), and followed either brisk walking for the AEG or resistance band training for the REG, 60 minutes per day, 5 days per week for 12 weeks with monitoring daily activity using accelerometers. We assessed endothelial function by flow-mediated dilation (FMD), and aerobic capacity by oxygen uptake at anaerobic threshold (AT_VO2) at baseline and following training program. RESULTS: The mean participants' age was 57.0+/-6.8 years, and body mass index (BMI) was 27.0+/-2.3 kg/m2. After intervention, FMD increased by 2.2+/-1.9% in AEG, which differed from REG and CG (P=0.002), despite of decreased body weight (BW) in both AG and RG (2.8+/-2.5%, P=0.002; 1.6+/-2.0%, P=0.017, respectively). A significant increased AT_VO2 and decreased HbA1c were found only in AEG. In all participants, FMD was changed with the significant relations to the AT_VO2 (r=0.348, P=0.035), but not to HbA1c levels or BW. CONCLUSION: Aerobic exercise appears to be more beneficial than resistance exercise for improving endothelial function in T2DM. In addition, aerobic capacity could be a better predictor of changes in FMD than BW and glycemic control.
Anaerobic Threshold ; Body Mass Index ; Body Weight ; Body Weight Changes ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 ; Exercise ; Female ; Humans ; Overweight ; Oxygen ; Resistance Training ; Walking

BACKGROUND: Aerobic exercise can effectively reduce visceral fat. However, few studies have examined the effect of daily physical activity on obesity and cardiopulmonary function in the subjects with diabetes. We examined the effect of moderate intensity of walking in obese diabetes patients by monitoring of daily activity and measuring the change in abdominal fat area, muscle are and maximal muscle strength. METHODS: We randomly assigned 27 obese women with type 2 diabetes to an aerobic exercise group (AG, n = 13) and control group (CG, n = 14). The AG performed moderate intensity walking for 60 minutes per exercise, 5 times per week, and for 12 weeks. The activity energy expenditure was monitored by a multi-record accelerometer. The CG maintained routine daily activities. At the time of the initiation of the study and after 12 weeks of exercise, the aerobic exercise capacity was assessed using oxygen consumption rate at anaerobic threshold (VO2-AT). The abdominal fat area and the quadriceps muscle area were measured by computed tomography, and the maximum muscle strength of the upper and lower limbs was measured by a chest press and a leg press, respectively. RESULTS: The mean age of the study subjects was 56.6 +/- 8.0 years, the mean duration of diabetes was 6.3 +/- 6.0 years, and the body weight index (BMI) was 27.3 +/- 2.7 kg/m2. The BMI of the AG was significantly decreased (P = 0.003). In the AG, the visceral fat area and subcutaneous fat area were also significantly decreased (P = 0.018 and P < 0.001, respectively) but not in CG. VO2-AT of the AG was significantly improved, while that of the CG did not change (P = 0.009 and P = 0.115, respectively). The quadriceps muscle mass and the maximal muscle strength of the AG did not change, however, the CG showed a significant decrease. Duration of moderate intensity exercise was correlated with the decrease in total abdominal fat area (r = -0.484; P = 0.011) and that of high intensity exercise was correlated with improvement of cardiopulmonary function (r = 0.414; P = 0.032). CONCLUSION: Daily moderate intensity aerobic exercise is effective at reducing abdominal fat mass, while high intensity exercise improves cardiopulmonary function.
Abdominal Fat ; Anaerobic Threshold ; Body Weight ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 ; Energy Metabolism ; Exercise ; Female ; Humans ; Intra-Abdominal Fat ; Leg ; Lower Extremity ; Motor Activity ; Muscle Strength ; Muscles ; Obesity ; Oxygen Consumption ; Quadriceps Muscle ; Subcutaneous Fat ; Thigh ; Thorax ; Walking

BACKGROUND: Aerobic exercise can effectively reduce visceral fat. However, few studies have examined the effect of daily physical activity on obesity and cardiopulmonary function in the subjects with diabetes. We examined the effect of moderate intensity of walking in obese diabetes patients by monitoring of daily activity and measuring the change in abdominal fat area, muscle are and maximal muscle strength. METHODS: We randomly assigned 27 obese women with type 2 diabetes to an aerobic exercise group (AG, n = 13) and control group (CG, n = 14). The AG performed moderate intensity walking for 60 minutes per exercise, 5 times per week, and for 12 weeks. The activity energy expenditure was monitored by a multi-record accelerometer. The CG maintained routine daily activities. At the time of the initiation of the study and after 12 weeks of exercise, the aerobic exercise capacity was assessed using oxygen consumption rate at anaerobic threshold (VO2-AT). The abdominal fat area and the quadriceps muscle area were measured by computed tomography, and the maximum muscle strength of the upper and lower limbs was measured by a chest press and a leg press, respectively. RESULTS: The mean age of the study subjects was 56.6 +/- 8.0 years, the mean duration of diabetes was 6.3 +/- 6.0 years, and the body weight index (BMI) was 27.3 +/- 2.7 kg/m2. The BMI of the AG was significantly decreased (P = 0.003). In the AG, the visceral fat area and subcutaneous fat area were also significantly decreased (P = 0.018 and P < 0.001, respectively) but not in CG. VO2-AT of the AG was significantly improved, while that of the CG did not change (P = 0.009 and P = 0.115, respectively). The quadriceps muscle mass and the maximal muscle strength of the AG did not change, however, the CG showed a significant decrease. Duration of moderate intensity exercise was correlated with the decrease in total abdominal fat area (r = -0.484; P = 0.011) and that of high intensity exercise was correlated with improvement of cardiopulmonary function (r = 0.414; P = 0.032). CONCLUSION: Daily moderate intensity aerobic exercise is effective at reducing abdominal fat mass, while high intensity exercise improves cardiopulmonary function.
Abdominal Fat ; Anaerobic Threshold ; Body Weight ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 ; Energy Metabolism ; Exercise ; Female ; Humans ; Intra-Abdominal Fat ; Leg ; Lower Extremity ; Motor Activity ; Muscle Strength ; Muscles ; Obesity ; Oxygen Consumption ; Quadriceps Muscle ; Subcutaneous Fat ; Thigh ; Thorax ; Walking

We investigated dietary effects of prickly pear cactus (Opuntina ficus-indica) on plasma lipids, platelet aggregation (PA), hemolysis, plasma TBARS and liver enzymes. Twenty eight volunteer diving women in Jeju island had daily 20 g cactus tea containing 27% prickly pear cactus (PPC) powder for 4 weeks, and data for the study subjects were analyzed, on the basis of diagnostic criteria for blood pressure (BP)(> or = 140/90 mmHg), plasma cholesterol (> or = 200 mg/dL) and triglyceride (> or = 150 mg/dL). The subjects with higher BP had higher plasma total cholesterol (TC) and triglyceride (TG) concentrations than those with normal BP. Those with higher TC also had higher TG. Subjects with normal BP or normal TC had higher initial slope of PA than their higher counterpart in BP and TC. PPC intake decreased plasma TG in those with higher BP. PPC intake significantly decreased the elevated initial slope in groups with normal BP, TC, and TG. Hemolysis after PPC intake decreased significantly in all the subjects and plasma TBARS decreased in the subjects with higher plasma TC and higher TG. Glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT) significantly increased and total bilirubin significantly decreased in all the subjects after PPC intake. The present study with diving women showed that beneficial effects of short term intake of prickly pear cactus might differ depending on the subject conditions in term of blood pressure, and plasma lipids. However, long term usage of prickly pear cactus may provide preventive effects of cardiovascular diseases to all the population, presumably by hypolipidemic, antithrombotic, and antioxidant actions of its bioactive flavonoids and soluble fiber.
Aspartate Aminotransferases ; Bilirubin ; Blood Platelets ; Blood Pressure ; Cactaceae ; Cardiovascular Diseases ; Cholesterol ; Diving ; Female ; Flavonoids ; Hemolysis ; Humans ; Liver ; Opuntia ; Plasma ; Platelet Aggregation ; Tea ; Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances

PURPOSE: This study was to suggest the direction to the exercise intervention development for the stroke survivors. METHOD: 12 domestic and 54 foreign research papers about the exercise intervention for the stroke patients published during 1998~2007 were analyzed. RESULT: Among the papers, quasi-experimental design(75.8%) and multidisciplinary approach(60.6%) were the most frequent ones. The mean age of the respondents was 63.3 and the intervention was supplied for 7.14 weeks. The frequency of exercise was 3.87 per week and the exercise time was 1.88 hours. And physical research variables - such as ambulation, muscle strength, activities of daily living and balance - were more than psychosocial variables. This study suggested that the exercise intervention for the stroke survivors need to include aerobic exercise, muscle strengthening exercise, flexible exercise, body coordination, balance exercise. In addition we confirmed that the exercise intervention was revealed as an effective physiological parameters; such as maximum oxygen uptake quantity, blood pressure. CONCLUSION: We suggest that the further researchs are needed which include the intensity of exercise into the quantity of the exercise. Also researchers need to extend the motion intervention time for an effective sociopsychological variable and to try the meta analysis for the effective exercise intervention for the stroke survivors.
Activities of Daily Living ; Blood Pressure ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Exercise ; Humans ; Muscle Strength ; Oxygen ; Stroke* ; Survivors* ; Walking

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate health management state during pregnancy, childbirth, and postpartum of immigrant women. METHODS: A descriptive research design was employed. Data were collected from 182 immigrant women who lived in four provinces and D city. Subjects were completed the following questionnaires: demographic, medical service use, pregnancy and childbirth, and health management during the ante-postpartum. RESULTS: The average age of subjects was 28.96 and 83 subjects (45.6%) were coming from Vietnam. 55 Subjects (30.2%) were within the low-income group with less than 4 million won per month. So, 62 subjects were uninsured women because of the expensive costs. Subjects mainly visited a health care center with their husband. On the using a health care center, subjects complained about communication difficulties and transportation problems. 42 Subjects were pregnant but 21.4% of pregnant subjects did not receive antenatal care. Subjects got information about pregnancy and childbirth through their husbands and husband's family. CONCLUSION: Nursing intervention to manage the pregnancy, childbirth, and the postpartum of immigrant women need to be developed and should include strategies to take care of themselves after delivery and provide knowledge and information about ante-postpartum.
Cultural Diversity ; Delivery of Health Care ; Delivery, Obstetric ; Emigrants and Immigrants ; Female ; Humans ; Medically Uninsured ; Parturition ; Postpartum Period ; Pregnancy ; Research Design ; Spouses ; Transportation ; Vietnam

BACKGROUND: Exercise offers protection against atherosclerosis and insulin resistance. We evaluated the benefits of exercise at different levels of intensity for ameliorating inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, and insulin resistance in a sample of type 2 diabetic subjects. METHODS: Fifty-nine overweight women with type 2 diabetes were randomly assigned to control (CG, N = 18), moderate-intensity exercise (MEG, N = 17), and vigorous-intensity exercise (VEG, N = 14) groups. Patients in the two experimental groups completed a 12-week exercise program, with their exercise activities monitored by accelerometers. We assessed the patients' body weights, total abdominal fat (TF), subcutaneous fat (SF) and visceral fat (VF) via computed tomography, measurements of plasma levels of hs-C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) and interleukin-6 (IL-6), assessment of endothelial function by brachial artery flow-mediated dilation (FMD), and evaluation of insulin sensitivity by insulin tolerance tests, at baseline, at the end of the 12-week interventions, and one year after initiation of the study. RESULTS: At baseline, the average age of all subjects was 54 +/- 7 years, and average body mass index (BMI) was 26.9 +/- 2.5 kg/m2. During the intervention, patients in the MEG and VEG groups expended comparable amounts of activity-related calories (488.6 +/- 111.9 kcal/day, 518.8 +/- 104.1 kcal/day, respectively). Although BMI, TF, and SF decreased similarly in the MEG and VEG groups (deltaBMI: -1.1 +/- 0.7, -0.8 +/- 0.5, deltaTF: -4,647 +/- 3,613 mm2, -2,577 +/- 2,872 mm2, deltaSF: -2,057 +/- 2,021 mm2, -1,141 +/- 1,825 mm2, respectively), compared to control (P<0.01), hs-CRP, IL-6, and FMD remained constant in both exercise groups even after completion of the 12-week exercise intervention. Insulin sensitivity improved only in patients subjected to vigorous exercise (VEG). Visceral fat loss was observed only in patients subjected to moderate exercise (MEG). At one-year follow up, these values had all returned to baseline. CONCLUSION: Exercise vigorous enough to result in significant weight and fat reduction did not ameliorate inflammation and endothelial dysfunction as measured at the end of a 12-week exercise intervention, nor did it result in sustained improvements in insulin sensitivity in type 2 diabetic subjects.
Abdominal Fat ; Atherosclerosis ; Body Mass Index ; Body Weight ; Brachial Artery ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 ; Exercise ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Inflammation ; Insulin ; Insulin Resistance ; Interleukin-6 ; Intra-Abdominal Fat ; Overweight ; Plasma ; Subcutaneous Fat