1.EMA-CO regimen in high-risk gestational trophoblastic disease.
Sang Lim CHOI ; Yong Hak KIM ; Ki Tae KIM ; Hyun Chan KIM
Korean Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 1992;35(1):85-96
No abstract available.
Gestational Trophoblastic Disease*
2.Clinical analysis of the efficacy of surgical treatment of gestational trophoblastic disease.
Mi Ran KIM ; Jae Keun JUNG ; Yong Il KWON ; Kyung Hoon LEE ; Chang Joo KIM ; Seung Jo KIM
Journal of the Korean Cancer Association 1993;25(5):680-686
No abstract available.
Gestational Trophoblastic Disease*
4.Bizarre presentation of choriocarcinoma: A case report
Krizia Marie M. Cornel ; Agnes L. Soriano‑Estrella
Philippine Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2023;47(3):135-141
Choriocarcinoma is a malignant subtype of gestational trophoblastic disease that follows any type
of pregnancy. It is characterized by rapid hematogenous spread to multiple organs, associated with
high human chorionic gonadotropin levels with good response to chemotherapy. We present the
case of a 31‑year‑old Filipina who initially presented with severe headaches and blurring of vision
3 years after an unremarkable term pregnancy. The transvaginal ultrasound was normal. After a
series of diagnostic tests, the initial working impression was a primary brain tumor with metastases
to the lungs, adrenal, kidney, and vulva. Emergency craniotomy was done due to deteriorating
status secondary to an intracranial hemorrhage. The histopathology report showed choriocarcinoma.
Chemotherapy using Etoposide‑Methotrexate‑Actinomycin D‑Cyclophosphamide‑Vincristine with
high‑dose methotrexate and concomitant whole‑brain irradiation was then instituted with good
response. This case highlights the importance of having a high index of suspicion for gestational
trophoblastic neoplasia to prevent the performance of unnecessary procedures, leading to a delay
in diagnosis and the institution of the appropriate treatment.
Gestational Trophoblastic Disease
5.Exaggerated placental site gestational trophoblastic disease: A case report
Marie Mae Gonzales Pantolla‑Laxamana ; Merly R. Rosario‑Reamillo
Philippine Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2023;47(3):149-162
Gestational trophoblastic diseases (GTDs) represent a unique group of lesions with an abnormal
proliferation of trophoblasts. GTD can be divided into molar lesions and nonmolar lesions. Partial
and complete hydatidiform moles and invasive moles are under molar lesions, whereas non‑molar
lesions include choriocarcinomas and lesions that are derived from intermediate trophoblasts (ITs).
These IT can be from the implantation site (exaggerated placental site [EPS] and placental site
trophoblastic tumor) or from the chorionic type (placental site nodule and epithelioid trophoblastic
tumor). EPS is a relatively uncommon form of GTD. It is a challenging condition for clinicians to
diagnose because of the limited number of reported cases. From 1990 to April 2022, there were
only 25 case reports published internationally, and this is the first local case report. Implantation site
ITs (ISITs) are difficult to distinguish histologically. Immunohistochemical staining such as Ki‑67 can
improve diagnostic accuracy by differentiating ISIT. Ki 67 will show staining of <1% in EPS. This is
the case of a 25‑year‑old patient, G6P5 (5005), who experienced vaginal bleeding associated with
pelvic and hypogastric pain after 13 weeks of missed menses. She was diagnosed with a molar
pregnancy and underwent an emergency total abdominal hysterectomy with bilateral salpingectomy
due to severe uterine bleeding. Histopathologic studies in this case showed diffuse and infiltrative
growth of atypical monomorphic ITs arranged in sheets and cords, infiltrating and separating
myometrial fibers. The uterine blood vessel wall was replaced with fibrinoid deposition, with areas of
hemorrhages and necrosis. There were also chorionic villi. The histopathological findings revealed
GTD arising from ITs, specifically EPS. This article describes the clinical presentation, diagnostic
procedure, and management, together with histopathological observations and a review of related
literature, of this rare GTD.
Gestational Trophoblastic Disease
6.Factors affecting remission to salvage chemotherapy with EtoposideCisplatin/Etoposide-MethotrexateActinomycin D (EP-EMA regimen) among chemoresistant high-risk Gestational Trophoblastic Neoplasia patients admitted in a tertiary institution: A 10-year retrospective descriptive study
Noreen R. Pastoriza‑Alcaraz ; Agnes L. Soriano‑Estrella
Philippine Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2021;45(4):135-144
Background:
Approximately 20%–25% of high-risk gestational trophoblastic neoplasia (GTN) patients initially treated with first-line chemotherapy regimen develop resistance to the regimen. The EP-EMA (Etoposide-cisplatin and etoposide, methotrexate and actinomycin D) regimen is the most commonly utilized second-line agent.
Objective:
This study aimed to identify factors leading to remission using etoposide and cisplatin-etoposide, methotrexate, and Actinomycin D (EP-EMA) as salvage chemotherapy among resistant high-risk GTN.
Methods:
This is a retrospective descriptive study that reviewed the medical records of patients admitted in the section of trophoblastic diseases diagnosed with high-risk GTN from January 2006 to December 2015.
Results:
The medical records of 20 patients were retrieved and reviewed. The complete remission rate with EP-EMA is 60% (12/20). The overall survival rate for 1 year is 70% (14/20). Only 20% of the patients went home against advice and did not complete treatment. This regimen reported toxicities ranging from Grade 2–4 myelosuppression and electrolyte imbalance. Forty-five percent had Grade 4 neutropenia and Grade 2 anemia and 20% had Grade 2 thrombocytopenia. Hypokalemia and hypomagnesemia were noted in 8 patients (40%). Although not statistically significant, a trend showed that those in the remission group mostly had Stage III diseases with metastasis only in the lungs, prognostic score of between 7 and 12, and with beta-human chorionic gonadotropin (β-hCG) levels <10,000 mIu/ml at the start of EP-EMA treatment.
Conclusion
There is an improved response with EP-EMA chemotherapy across the years in our institution. Factors such as stage of disease, pulmonary metastasis, and low β-hCG at the start EP-EMA chemotherapy denote a possible good response and may contribute to patients' complete remission with EP-EMA chemotherapy. However, further studies with larger patient sample size are recommended to support the latter.
Gestational Trophoblastic Disease
7.A series of missing primaries: Pulmonary metastasis in Gestational Trophoblastic Neoplasia in the absence of uterine tumors
Gillian Patrick C. Gonzalez ; Agnes L Soriano‑Estrella
Philippine Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2021;45(4):160-164
Gestational trophoblastic neoplasias (GTN) are extremely aggressive tumors derived from placental trophoblasts. These tumors are always the sequalae of a pregnancy. Choriocarcinoma, which is the most common of these, is typically characterized by early extra-pelvic hematogenous spread. Since the progression of illness is rapid, timely diagnosis and treatment will favor improved chances for cure, whereas late commencement of therapy will make resolution difficult. The diagnosis of GTN is straightforward with an elevated beta-human chorionic gonadotropin (β-hCG) and distinct sonographic features of the tumor inside the uterus. However, very rarely, this disease may occur in the absence of uterine tumors. Practicing physicians must be mindful that GTN may initially manifest with pulmonary symptoms and/or radiographic evidence of metastatic lung lesions. In this series, the features pertaining to the clinical course of three patients are described, all of whom presented with pulmonary masses, elevated β-hCG, and normal transvaginal sonograms.
Choriocarcinoma
;
Gestational Trophoblastic Disease
8.Metastatic choriocarcinoma presenting as intracranial hemorrhage and intussusception
Gisele V. Gonzales‑Acantilado ; Elizabeth K. Jacinto
Philippine Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2021;45(4):171-177
Extrauterine choriocarcinoma is a rare entity. The criteria used for its diagnosis are as follows: (1) Absence of disease in the uterine cavity, (2) pathologic confirmation of diagnosis, (3) exclusion of molar pregnancy, and (4) absence of a coexistent intrauterine pregnancy. Delay in the diagnosis can be attributed to its nongynecologic manifestations such as bleeding from any organ system, unexplained systemic symptoms, and metastatic foci from an unknown primary malignancy. This is an unusual case of 27-year-old G3P3 (3-0-0-3) who underwent emergency left parietal craniotomy excision due to increased intracranial pressure symptoms secondary to left parietal tumor. Histopathology revealed metastatic adenocarcinoma. About a month later, she underwent exploratory laparotomy for acute abdominal symptoms secondary to a jejunal mass. Jejuno-jejunal resection anastomosis was done and histopathology revealed choriocarcinoma.
Choriocarcinoma
;
Gestational Trophoblastic Disease
9.Clinical characteristics, management, and outcome of gestational trophoblastic neoplasia patients with brain metastasis: A 10-year experience at the Philippine General Hospital
Gisele V. Gonzales‑Acantilado ; Filomena S. San Juan ; Maria Stephanie Fay S. Cagayan
Philippine Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2022;46(4):147-161
Objective:
This study aimed to determine the clinical characteristics, management, and outcome of gestational trophoblastic neoplasia (GTN) patients with brain metastasis.
Materials and Methods:
This was a 10‑year descriptive study that included all patients with brain metastasis from GTN. Patients’ sociodemographic and clinicopathological profiles were described. Using Kaplan–Meier survival curve, the survival time was determined
Results:
From January 1, 2010, to December 31, 2019, there were 33 GTN patients with brain metastasis. Four were excluded from the study due to incomplete records. Twenty‑nine patients were included in the study. Nineteen (65.51%) patients presented with neurologic symptoms upon diagnosis and one (3.44%) during treatment. All received etoposide, methotrexate, actinomycin, oncovin (EMACO) as first‑line treatment. Five (17.24%) patients were given induction chemotherapy with low‑dose etoposide–cisplatin. Seventeen (58.62%) patients underwent whole‑brain radiation and two (6.89%) were given intrathecal methotrexate. Thirteen patients (44.82%) achieved biochemical remission with EMACO chemotherapy. Four patients (13.79%) had resistance to EMACO and were given Etoposide Cisplatin Etoposide Methotrexate Actinomycin (EP EMA). Four patients (13.79%) underwent an adjunctive hysterectomy. Four patients (13.79%) died during treatment. One patient (3.44%) was unable to continue her chemotherapy because she got pregnant before her first consolidation course. There were eight early deaths (<4 weeks of admission) and hence were excluded in the analysis. Three patients who went into biochemical remission relapsed on the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd months after their last consolidation course, respectively. The median follow‑up time was 27 months. After excluding early deaths, the survival rate between 3 and 7 years after treatment is at 61.9%. The mean survival time was 5.43 years. Six surviving patients were contacted. Five (17.24%) of them had resumed their everyday life, and one is currently undergoing chemotherapy.
Conclusion
The study was able to document brain metastasis from GTN to be 14.28% (29/203) among metastatic high‑risk admissions. The biochemical remission rate from first‑line treatment was of 61.90% (13/21) and resistance rate was 19.04% (4/21). Lost to follow up after achieving biochemical remission was a challenge encountered
Gestational Trophoblastic Disease
10.Third‑line chemotherapy after resistance to Etoposide, Cisplatin‑ Etoposide, Methotrexate, Actinomycin (EP‑EMA) in high risk gestational trophoblastic neoplasia: Experience at the Philippine General Hospital
Julie Ann B. Bolastig‑Canson ; Agnes L. Soriano‑Estrella
Philippine Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2022;46(4):162-170
Objective:
To describe the experience of the Division of Trophoblastic Diseases of the Philippine General Hospital with the various third‑line chemotherapeutic regimens among high‑risk gestational trophoblastic neoplasia (GTN) patients who experienced resistance after receiving the etoposide, cisplatin–etoposide, methotrexate, actinomycin (EP‑EMA) regimen
Materials and Methods:
This was a 17‑year descriptive study that included all patients who used various salvage chemotherapy after resistance to EP‑EMA as treatment for metastatic, high‑risk GTN at the Philippine General Hospital from January 2002 to December 2018. The medical records of eligible patients were retrieved and assessed. All abstracted data were analyzed retrospectively. Descriptive statistics were used to compute for percentages for the various demographic characteristics of the sample population
Results:
From January 2002 to December 2018, a total of 291 patients with metastatic, high‑risk gestational GTN were treated at the Philippine General Hospital. Of these, only seven patients received various third‑line chemotherapy regimens after resistance to EP‑EMA. One patient was excluded due to incomplete data. Among the third‑line chemotherapeutic regimens used, 3 patients received paclitaxel/carboplatin, two of whom went into remission while one expired. One patient had vincristine, bleomycin, and cisplatin (VBP) with two adjunctive surgeries in the form of hysterectomy and thoracotomy. She also went into remission. Two patients received paclitaxel–cisplatin/paclitaxeletoposide (TP/TE) as third line of treatment. The first was shifted back to EP‑EMA and eventually developed chemoresistance to EP‑EMA and had multiple toxicities. After multidisciplinary conference with the patient and family, they decided to go home and refused further chemotherapy. The other patient had TP/TE followed by bleomycin–etoposide–cisplatin, with adjunctive hysterectomy. Despite multiple cycles of chemotherapy, the disease persisted. She was offered palliative care and the family decided to bring her home. Both patients eventually expired at home
Conclusion
No conclusion can be made about the most effective third line chemotherapy for resistant high‑risk GTN because of the limited cases included in this study. An individualized approach is still recommended. Physicians and centers for patients caring for such patients are encouraged to report their experience to improve the management of future patients
Gestational Trophoblastic Disease