Fibrothecoma are mesenchymal tumors deriving from the ovarian stroma and consisting of theca-like elements and fibrous tissue. The reported incidence is between 0.4 and 8.0% of all ovarian tumors and this side variability can be attributed to the difficulty in differentiation fibrothecoma from ovarian fibroma or hyperplastic stroma nodules. A dermoid cyst is composed of well-differentiated derivatives of the three germ layers; ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. We have experienced a case of ovarian fibrothecoma with mature cystic teratoma of the ipsilateral ovary and ovarian fibroma of the contralateral ovary in a 33-year-old woman. We report a case with brief review of literature.
Adult ; Dermoid Cyst ; Ectoderm ; Endoderm ; Female ; Fibroma* ; Germ Layers ; Humans ; Incidence ; Mesoderm ; Ovary* ; Teratoma*

Human embryology is the study of development from a single cell to a baby in 9 months. Implantation occurs at the end of the first week of development. The second week of development is known as the week of 2's. Gastrulation, the most characteristic event occurring in the third week, establishes three germ layers composed of ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. The three germ layers and neural crest cells lead to the development of their own tissues and organs during the embryonic period, which extends from the third to the eighth week. Major congenital malformations occur in the embryonic period. The fetal period, from the third month to the day of birth, is the time for maturation of tissues and organs, and growth of the body. Because of the close relationship between embryology and congenital abnormalities, knowledge of human development is essential to assess the effects on the embryo when the mother has been exposed to teratogens. This paper briefly reviews the normal embryonic development and associated congenital malformation.
Congenital Abnormalities ; Ectoderm ; Embryology ; Embryonic Development* ; Embryonic Structures* ; Endoderm ; Female ; Gastrulation ; Germ Layers ; Human Development ; Humans* ; Mesoderm ; Mothers ; Neural Crest ; Neurulation ; Parturition ; Pregnancy ; Teratogens

iPS cells are derived from somatic cells via transduction and expression of selective transcription factors. Both viral-integrating (like retroviral) and non-integrating (like, mRNA or protein-based) techniques are available for the production of iPS cells. In the field of dentistry, iPS cells have been derived from stem cells of apical papilla, dental pulp stem cells, and stem cells from exfoliated deciduous teeth, gingival and periodontal ligament fibroblasts, and buccal mucosa fibroblasts. iPS cells have the potential to differentiate into all derivatives of the 3 primary germ layers i.e. ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm. They are autogeneically accessible, and can produce patient-specific or disease-specific cell lines without the issue of ethical controversy. They have been successfully tested to produce mesenchymal stem cells-like cells, neural crest-like cells, ameloblasts-like cells, odontoblasts-like cells, and osteoprogenitor cells. These cells can aid in regeneration of periodontal ligament, alveolar bone, cementum, dentin-pulp complex, as well as possible Biotooth formation. However certain key issues like, epigenetic memory of iPS cells, viral-transduction, tumorgenesis and teratoma formation need to be overcome, before they can be successfully used in clinical practice. The article discusses the sources, pros and cons, and current applications of iPS cells in dentistry with an emphasis on encountered challenges and their solutions.
Cell Line ; Dental Cementum ; Dental Papilla ; Dentistry* ; Ectoderm ; Endoderm ; Epigenomics ; Fibroblasts ; Germ Layers ; Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells ; Memory ; Mesoderm ; Mouth Mucosa ; Periodontal Ligament ; Regeneration ; RNA, Messenger ; Stem Cells ; Teratoma ; Tooth, Deciduous ; Transcription Factors

Retroperitoneal teratoma is a rare congenital neoplasm derived from three germ layers and generally recognized as a disease of childhood. Those who were not operated on did not fare any better. The mortality from the disease was virtually 100%. Recently, we experienced a case of retroperitoneal teratoma.
Germ Layers ; Mortality ; Teratoma*

The authors describe a case of large dermoid cyst of the scalp which removed surgically and cosmetically. Dermoid cyst is derived from epiblastic cells predestined to form skin which become detached from their neighbours and included in mesenchyme at about third to the fifth week of feral life, when the neural tube is closing. The contents of the cyst are thus mixtures of keratin, sebum, and hair, according to the proportionate development of these elements. It is usually a single tumor and may develop almost anywhere in the subcutaneous tissue, being of variable size.
Dermoid Cyst* ; Germ Layers ; Hair ; Mesoderm ; Neural Tube ; Scalp ; Sebum ; Skin ; Subcutaneous Tissue

PURPOSE: Human embryonic stem (ES) cell is pluripotent cell derived from a group of cells called the inner cell mass and has the ability to reproduce itself for long periods and give rise to types of cells that develop from the three germ layers. Due to its pluripotency, ES cell holds the promise of being able to replace cells that are damaged or destroyed by many devastating diseases. However, the potential for the recipient of an ES cell transplant to reject this cell as foreign is very high. Thus, it is essential to determine whether human ES cells express MHC antigens. The purpose of this study is to characterize the stem cell properties of our cell line (SNUhES1) and the expression profile of MHC antigens on the surface of these cells and their differentiated derivatives, embryoid bodies (EBs). METHODS: The ES cells were grown on STO fibroblast in DMEM-F12. The EBs were grown in the same medium with exception that it lacked LIF and bFGF. The expression of self-renewal-associated genes and three germ layer cell-specific genes in ES cells and EBs were measured by RT-PCR at varying time point of incubation (1, 7, 14 and 28 day). The expression of MHC molecules were measured by RT-PCR and FACS analysis. RESULTS: The SNUhES1 cells expressed all self-renewal- associated genes (Fgf4, FoxD3, Oct4, Sox2 and TERT) we tested. During the differentiation three germ layer cell-specific genes in EBs were expressed as following order: ecto-, meso- and endodermal cell-specific genes. MHC class I proteins (HLA-ABC and beta2m) on the surfaces of ES cells and EBs were expressed in very low levels. MHC class II proteins (HLA-DP, -DQ and -DR) and HLA-G were not expressed on the surface of these cells. However, the expression of MHC class II proteins were detected in 1% more or less cells of 28-day-old EBs which were hardly detected in the population of 1-day-old EBs. CONCLUSION: These data imply that SNUhES1 cells and EBs have stem cell properties. Although they express very low MHC antigens, further investigation determining whether the MHC expression in the ES cells and EBs may alter under inflammatory condition which can be occurred in damaged tissue or through surgical process.
Cell Line ; Embryoid Bodies* ; Embryonic Stem Cells* ; Endoderm ; Fibroblasts ; Germ Layers ; HLA-G Antigens ; Humans* ; Stem Cells ; Transplants

Squamous cell carcinoma arising in mature cystic teratoma of the ovary is an uncommon carcinoma that is histologically defined by the presence of squamous cell carcinoma within the mature cystic teratoma of the ovary. Although all three germ layers in benign cystic teratoma are thought to undergo malignant transformation, squamous cell carcinoma derived from ectoderm is by far the most common tumor. Clinical differentiation of malignant from benign mature teratomas, as well as from other ovarian tumors, is rarely possible preoperatively. The prognosis is generally poor but there is no consensus on optimal therapy and prognostic factor. We experienced one case of squamous cell carcinoma arising in benign cystic teratoma of the ovary in a 27 year old woman and report this case with a brief review of the concerned literature.
Adult* ; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell* ; Consensus ; Ectoderm ; Female ; Germ Layers ; Humans ; Ovary* ; Prognosis ; Teratoma*

PURPOSE: Trichoblastic fibroma originates from hair germ layer tumor which is a benign tumor mixture of epidermal and mesodermal factor. Trichoblastic fibroma was found only in adults and showed equal occurrence rate between men and women. Since it is a rare tumor, we report a case of a trichoblastic fibroma which developed on the right cheek. METHODS: A 72 year-old male was treated with excisional operation 17 years ago due to a solitary tumor that developed on the same site. He returned to the hospital with an asymptomatic mass which have been increasing in size for the last 3 months. RESULTS: In computerized tomography, a size of 2.7 x 2.3 x 0.8cm tumor was found in the subcutaneous tissue layer. Grossly, the mass was well-circumscribed, smooth-surfaced and flesh colored, and was lobulated and fragile. Pathologic observation showed diverse shaped and sized tumor cell nests and fibrocellular stroma consisting basophilic cells in dermal and subdermal layers. Immunohistopathologic staining showed positive reaction on pancytokeratin, CK-5/6, and bcl-2. CONCLUSION: By having no connection to the epidermis, and being positioned in the dermal and epidermal layers, typical pathologic findings make it possible to differentiate this tumor with basal cell carcinoma. This lesion is not clear whether it is a local recurrence or not, and it is necessary to observe a new recurrence in the future.
Adult ; Aged ; Basophils ; Carcinoma, Basal Cell ; Cheek* ; Epidermis ; Female ; Fibroma* ; Germ Layers ; Hair ; Humans ; Male ; Mesoderm ; Recurrence ; Subcutaneous Tissue

Ovarian squamous cell carcinoma constitutes less than 2% of all gynecologic malignancy. Most of ovarian primary squamous cell carcinoma arise in mature dermoid cyst. Malignant transformation occurs in less than 2% of benign mature teratoma. Of all three germ layers, the ectoderm is thought to be commonest to undergo malignant change, hence sguamous cell carcinoma is by far the most frequent seen tumor that is over 80% of reported cases in large series followed by the much rare adenocarcinoma, melanoma, and carcinoid. Most patients of ovarian squamous cell carcinoma were postmenopausal. Several authors had reported the poor prognosis of this malignancy but there is no consensus on optimal therapy. Due to its rarity, there is also no consensus regarding the efficacy of postoperative therapy. A Rare presenting symptom associated ovarian squamous cell carcinoma is rectal mass secondary to invasion into the distal rectum. We also present a case of rectal invasion of ovarian squamous cell carcinoma.
Adenocarcinoma ; Carcinoid Tumor ; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell* ; Consensus ; Dermoid Cyst ; Ectoderm ; Germ Layers ; Humans ; Melanoma ; Prognosis ; Rectum ; Teratoma*

Mature cystic teratomas of the fallopian tube are unusual, being almost incidentally identified. Here we describe a case of mature cystic teratoma arising in the fallopian tube, in a 44-year-old female. The mass was found during a regular checkup without complication. Microscopically, components from each germ layer were identified.
Adult ; Fallopian Tubes ; Female ; Germ Layers ; Humans ; Teratoma