Goal: To determine histological forms in the majority of esophageal cancer in Mongolian population. Materials and Methods: Analysis was done on 285 materials of esophageal cancer and esophageal pre cancer in 1998- 2002. Materials of studies were diagnosed by classification of WHO, 2006. Result: In world average age of developing esophageal cancer is 55 years which is similar with our study result. By histopathology site among Russian population squamocell carcinoma occurs in 96%, 3% for adenocarcinoma, 1% for undifferentiated carcinoma, but in our results 64.5%, 7%, 2.4% corresponding. For cancer topography site of esophageal precancer lesions, neoplasms and invasive cancers are occur in lower part of esophagus. It is a main cause of esophageal adenocarcinoma. Comparing N.I.Kolicheva study result, 43.1% for lower part of esophagus and 34.3% for middle third of esophagus which is similar with our study result. Conclusions 1. Esophageal disease and cancer occurs in female and male is 1:1.8. 2. Esophageal cancer located in inner third. 3. Most frequent path histology site of esophageal cancer is squamocell carcinoma (64.5%).

Introduction Cervical cancer screening program is using conventional Pap smear (CPS) have been successfully used in Mongolia, but new kind of test as “Liquid based cytology” (LBC) is not popular for screening. This liquid based cytology testing might reduce the number of unsatisfactory smears, and increase the accuracy of diagnosing. Goal The main aim of this study was to assess diagnostic accuracy and sensitivity of Liquid based cytology versus Conventional Pap smear using ‘split-samples’ technique. Materials and Methods This was cross sectional study, total of 75 cervical split samples were included over a period of 2 months. Split sample was obtained using cervix-brush. CPS was prepared from brush and the brush head was suspended in the Liquid based vial and processed by LBC method and pap staining. Smears were diagnosed by cytologists. Abnormal smears were concluded by cervical biopsy as a Golden Standard. Results There were 14%unsatisfactory smears in CPS and 6% in LBC; the main cause is insuffi cient cells, and excess blood in CPS. LBC had diagnostic accuracy of LSIL was lower, but ASC-US was higher than CPS was signifi cant. LBC (100%) was more sensitive than CPS (89%) was confi rmed by biopsy. Conclusions: LBC testing was successfully reduced unsatisfactory smears rate. LBC samples offered better clarity and uniform spread of smears, less time for screening and better diagnostic accuracy of LSIL and ASC-US than CPS.

Although stomach cancer immunohistochemistry is similar tothe immunohistochemistry of other organ, it has great impact on diagnosis and treatment, such as its ability to reveal whether the cancer is primary or metastatic and which treatment model would be more effective in individual case. Lately, CK7, CK20 and CDX-2 immunohistochemical markers are commonly used in stomach cancers. Stomach cancer prognosis is different in each patient, depending on several factors, patients’ health status, cancer cell differentiation, and cancer cell growth. To evaluate these factors,immunohistochemic al analysis is more effective and for this purpose they use Ki-67, CD 34, BCL-2, p53, Cyclin D1, andHer- 2 markers.The evaluation of HER-2 expression should be carefully carried out, as following: 1. HER-2 expression should be evaluated on minimum 5 positive stained cells. The evaluation criteria aremicroscopic magnification and cytoplasmic membrane-stained pattern. 2. Other than the membrane-stained pattern must be excluded. HER2 gene evaluation (FISH) can confirm the HER2 IHCexpression. 3. Usage of FDA approved antibody (4B5) has the advantageof increased sensitivity. 4. The algorithm for the evaluation of HER-2 expression used for breast cancer has 50% possibility of false negativity if it is used for stomach cancer. Therefore, it is needed to beevaluated with another specific algorithm. Because HER-2 2+ and 3+ cases can improve outcome with usingTrastizumab treatment.

In 2006, by the news of National Center of Health Development, morbidity of cardiovascular disease was 501.84 per 10000 people. It’s increased by 2 times than over 10 years.Goal: To study and to determine stereometric research, mathematic modeling and histologicalcharacteristic on cardiomyocyte of arterial hypertension (AH), acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and chronic rheumatoid fever (CRF).Materials and Methods: It was prepared sections for histometric materials from muscular of left ventricle. Linear measurement and number of cardiomyocyte per area of materials were carried out by computermicroscope “Leica” with program Diskus 3.2 version from German. On linear measurement of AH, AMI and CRF were processed by mathematic modeling. On ratio of cytoplasm and nucleus and histological characteristics were analyzed by chi-square testResults: Results of stereometric research on cardiomyocyte On AH volume of cardiomyocyte was 5788.22±40.99mkm3, volume of the nucleus - 806.47±12.86mkm3, ratio cytoplasm and nucleus 1:7 and number of cells per area was 10.On AMI volume of cardiomyocyte was 3240.94±48.96mkm3, volume of the nucleus - 693.85±12.76mkm3, ratio cytoplasm and nucleus 1:5 and number of cells per area was 16. On CRF volume of cardiomyocyte was 5341.06±63.4mkm3, volume of the nucleus - 801.5±15.96mkm3, ratio cytoplasm and nucleus 1:7 and number of cells per area was 11. In comparatively healthy condition at 20 to 30 years old population of Mongolia the volume of cardiomyocyte was determined 1063.17mkm3, volume of nucleus 406.69mkm3, ratio cytoplasm and nucleus 2.6 and number of cells per area was 31. Result of histological research of myocardial muscle. By the research of the difference between histological characteristic was confirmed that all of this characteristics have real main difference. Conclusions: It was confirmed difference with statistical probability by that determined volume of the cardiomyocyte 5788.22±40.99mkm3 in AH, 3240.94±48.96mkm3 in AMI and 5341.06±63.4mkm3 in CRF. Quantity of cells per area was in AH - 10, in AMI – 16 and in CRF 11, but in comparatively healthy condition it was 31.

Background: Research of histo and cytometry in comparative healthy and pathological condition is not so much in our country. Therefore, it is making a demand to do stereometrical research study on tissues, cells and nucleus.Goal: To study and to determine stereometrical indices, mathematic model of hepatocytes and nucleus in condition of comparatively healthy, acute intoxication, chronic inflammation and cancer of Mongolians.Materials and Methods: It was prepared sections for histometric materials. Linear measurements of hepatocytes and nucleus were carried out by computer-microscope “Leica” with program Diskus 3.2 version from German. On linear measurement in condition of comparatively healthy, acute intoxication, chronic inflammation and cancer were processed by mathematic modeling.Results: Volume distribution of hepatocyte’s cytoplasm χ2st=15.51>χ2 F=4.31; (P<0.001), and hepatocyte’s nucleus χ2 st=12.59>χ2 F=10.74 in comparatively healthy (normal) conditions pursues normal distribution formula, however, the volume of hepatocyte’s cytoplasm and nucleus follows Maxwell formula of abnormal distribution χ2 st=23.68>χ2 F=10.44; (P<0.001), χ2 st=15.51>χ2 F=6.90; (P<0.001) in a condition of acute intoxication and volume of hepatocyte’s cytoplasm and nucleus χ2 st=23.68>χ2 F=8.03; (P<0.001), χ2 st=15.51>χ2 F=4.32; (P<0.001) in a condition of chronic inflammation. And volume distribution of hepatocyte’s cytoplasm χ2 st=8.27>χ2F=19.68; (P<0.001), and hepatocyte’s nucleus χ2st=3.41>χ2F=3.82 incondition of cancer. There is no statistically significant difference (P<0.001) between observation and theoretical frequencies of average values of hepatocyte’s cytoplasm and nucleus volume, which confirms that the result is true and accurate.Conclusions:1. Volume of hepatocyte’s cytoplasm is 2184.18±36.98 mkm3 in comparatively healthy (normal) conditions, 4153.17±84.18 mkm3 in a condition of acute intoxication, 4887.84±75.51 mkm3 in a condition of chronic inflammation and 13143.88±4.29 mkm3 in a cancer condition. Volume of nucleus is 299.94±36.98 mkm3 in comparatively healthy (normal) conditions, 873.59±13.86 mkm3 in a condition of acute intoxication, 888.65±13.51 mkm3 in a condition of chronic inflammation and 2924.57±2.12 mkm3 in a cancer condition.2. Volume of hepatocyte’s cytoplasm was increased 2 times, volume of hepatocyte’s nucleus was increased 3 times in a condition of acute intoxication and volume of hepatocyte’s cytoplasm was increased 2.2 times, volume of hepatocyte’s nucleus was increased 2.9 times (P< 0.001) in a condition of chronic inflammation. However volume of hepatocyte’s cytoplasm was increased 6.5 times, volume of hepatocyte’s nucleus was increased 9.7 times in a condition of cancer.