PURPOSE: The aims of this study are to measure the serum levels of fat soluble vitamins (vitamin A and D) from bile duct ligated rats, and to evaluate the effect of oral bile acids administration to facilitate absorption of fat soluble vitamins. METHOD: We measured serum ALT, total bilirubin, vitamin A, and vitamin D of Sprague-Dawley rats 1 week before and 4 weeks after experimental bile duct ligation. Rats were consisted with 3 groups. Group 2 had been find bile acids and group 3 ursodeoxycholic acid after operation for 4 weeks. Multi-vitamin was given to all groups. RESULTS: 1) Base line (mean value before duct ligation): ALT 74.2 IU, total bilirubin 0.26 mg/dL; vitamin D 13.01 ng/mL vitamin A 0.87 microgram/mL, total bile acids 25.16 micron mol/L. 2) Four weeks after ligation: ALT 100.7 IU, total bilirubin 2.58 mg/dL; vitamin D 7.89 ng/mL vitamin A 1.37 microgram/mL, total bile acids 278.22 micron mol/L. 3) 4 weeks after ligation, each group (group 1, group 2 and group 3) showed vitamin D (7.62, 8.10 and 7.99) ng/mL, vitamin A (1.68, 1.06 and 1.33) microgram/mL, total bile acids (233.17, 345.80 and 268.57) micron mol/L, which were statistically not significant. CONCLUSION: Serum level of vitamin A is increased after bile duct ligation although vitamin D is decreased. Oral administration of bile acids does not affect the serum levels of vitamin A and D in bile duct ligated rats.
Absorption ; Administration, Oral ; Animals ; Bile Acids and Salts ; Bile Ducts* ; Bile* ; Bilirubin ; Cholestasis ; Ligation ; Rats* ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Ursodeoxycholic Acid ; Vitamin A ; Vitamin D ; Vitamins*

No abstract available.
Abruptio Placentae* ; Female ; Pregnancy

No abstract available.
Abruptio Placentae* ; Female ; Pregnancy

PURPOSE: During the first days of life, neonates born in Korean hospitals typically encounter a number of stressful and painful events. In recent investigations, it was shown that there is a dose-response effect of increasing concentration of sucrose, resulting in reduction in crying time in healthy full-term infants. We assessed the use of sucrose to reduce pain in neonates with routine blood sampling by heel prick and the use of non-sucrose sweet substances(Aspartam), Dexrtose which we use to reduce pain in neonates with the same procedure. METHODS: A total of 135 neonates born in the KonKuk University Hospital were randomly assigned to 9 experimental groups. 2ml of the test solution was given by syringe into the infant's mouth over less than one minute. After 2 minutes, the nurse lanced the infants heel immediately and gently squeezed two times, and then a bandage was applied to the wound and the foot released. Crying during sampling and during the three minutes after sampling(recovery phase) was recorded on audio tape and later the duration of crying was analysed blindly. RESULTS: There was a significant reduction in total crying time as compared with the controls. There was a significant reduction in first crying time as compared with the controls. There was a significant reduction in crying time at the end of each minute in all the groups as compared with the controls. There was no significant difference in heart rate and oxygen saturation. CONCLUSION: We conclude that sucrose, aspartam and dextrose induce an effective analgesic effect in neonates.
Bandages ; Crying ; Foot ; Glucose ; Heart Rate ; Heel ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn* ; Mouth ; Oxygen ; Sucrose* ; Syringes ; Wounds and Injuries

INTRODUCTION: The location of parotid gland tumors in the superficial or deep lobes can affect the time and difficulty of operations. Therefore, accurate preoperative evaluation of the tumor location is important for surgical outcomes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 16 patients with parotid gland tumors and who underwent a parotidectomy between April 2003 and March 2011 were retrospectively reviewed in terms of demographic background, tumor location, surgical treatment, and treatment outcomes. Tumor location was estimated by four landmarks on contrast enhanced computerized tomography scans, which were Conn's arc, the facial nerve (FN) line, the Utrecht line, and the retromandibular vein. Tumor location was confirmed by relative position depending on the facial nerve during surgery. It was assumed positive since the tumor lies in the superficial lobe of the parotid gland, the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and efficiency of each landmark were evaluated. RESULTS: Our result revealed that the facial nerve line had a sensitivity of 83.3%, specificity of 100%, positive predictive value of 100%, negative predictive value of 71.4%, and efficiency of 87.5%. Some would be more efficient preoperative evaluation methods of the relationship of parotid gland tumors to the facial nerve than others. CONCLUSION: In our study, the FN line was found to be the most reliable analysis method.
Facial Nerve ; Humans ; Parotid Diseases ; Parotid Gland ; Parotid Neoplasms ; Retrospective Studies ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Veins

Bone Resorption ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Mandible ; Surgery, Oral ; Tissue Donors ; Transplants

We review the effect of methylphenidate, focusing on Osmotic-controlled Release Oral delivery System (OROS) methylphenidate, on cardiovascular system, appetite and growth, sleep, tic, epilepsy, psychiatric and rare adverse events. Although OROS methylphenidate has side effects including increased heart rate or blood pressure, decreased appetite, delayed sleep onset, emergence or aggravation of tics, withdrawal or changes in mood, these effects appeared to be minimal in impact or difficult to distinguish from risk to untreated population and tended to be improved by dose adjustment or drug discontinuation. However, in subjects with underlying cardiac problems, uncontrolled epilepsy, previous psychotic episode, clinicians should pay attention and balance the risk and benefit.
Appetite ; Blood Pressure ; Cardiovascular System ; Epilepsy ; Heart Rate ; Methylphenidate ; Tics

We review the effect of methylphenidate, focusing on Osmotic-controlled Release Oral delivery System (OROS) methylphenidate, on cardiovascular system, appetite and growth, sleep, tic, epilepsy, psychiatric and rare adverse events. Although OROS methylphenidate has side effects including increased heart rate or blood pressure, decreased appetite, delayed sleep onset, emergence or aggravation of tics, withdrawal or changes in mood, these effects appeared to be minimal in impact or difficult to distinguish from risk to untreated population and tended to be improved by dose adjustment or drug discontinuation. However, in subjects with underlying cardiac problems, uncontrolled epilepsy, previous psychotic episode, clinicians should pay attention and balance the risk and benefit.
Appetite ; Blood Pressure ; Cardiovascular System ; Epilepsy ; Heart Rate ; Methylphenidate ; Tics

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to investigate whether the age factor would be related with stability of mandibular setback surgery for patients with mandibular prognathism. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We compared the relapse patterns of 47 patients divided into three age groups (termed younger, adult, and older). The younger group consisted of patients between 15 and 17 years old; the adult group was made up of patients between 21 and 23 years old, and the older group was made up of patients more than 40 years old. The positional change of B point was evaluated at preoperative, postoperative, and follow-up states. RESULTS: The horizontal relapse ratio was 21.7% in the younger group, 15.3% in the adult group, and 15.7% in the older group. Although relatively higher degrees of relapse were found in the younger group, this increase was not statistically significant. Spearman's correlation analysis was performed to explore other factors contributing to relapse. We subsequently found that the amount of relapse was related to horizontal setback. CONCLUSION: Although the degree of relapse in younger patients is not significant;y higher compared to other groups. The major contributing factor to relapse after sagittal split ramus osteotomy is amount of setback rather than age when the surgery was performed to patients over than 15 years of age.
Adult ; Age Factors ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Mandibular Osteotomy ; Osteotomy, Sagittal Split Ramus ; Recurrence

BACKGROUND: The aim of the present study was to determine the frequency of six efflux pump genes in Acinetobacter clinical isolates collected from South Korean hospitals. METHODS: In this study, we used a total of 339 Acinetobacter strains, comprising 279 Acinetobacter calcoaceticus–Acinetobacter baumannii (ACB) complex and 60 non-ACB complex strains. We performed specific PCR assays to detect adeG, adeB, adeE, adeY, abeM, and adeJ, transporter genes of the multidrug efflux pumps AdeFGH, AdeABC, AdeDE, AdeXYZ, AbeM, and AdeIJK, respectively. RESULTS: Frequencies of six efflux pump genes varied according to the species of Acinetobacter. Frequencies of adeE, abeM, and adeJ between A. baumannii group and A. nosocomialis group were found to be significantly different. Significant differences were found in the frequencies of adeB, adeE, adeY, and adeJ among the susceptible A. baumannii (SAB), multidrug-resistant A. baumannii (MDRAB), and extensively drug-resistant A. baumannii (XDRAB) groups within the 154 strains of A. baumannii. The frequencies of efflux pump genes in imipenem-susceptible and imipenem-nonsusceptible groups were significantly different for adeB, adeY, and adeJ. The frequencies of efflux pump genes in ciprofloxacin-susceptible and ciprofloxacin-nonsusceptible groups were significantly different for adeB and adeY. No significant difference was found in the frequency of efflux pump genes among groups sampled from different regions of Korea, across 86 strains of A. baumannii collected in 2012. CONCLUSIONS: The frequencies of six efflux pump genes obtained in this study demonstrate the fundamental epidemiological feature of efflux pump genes in Korean Acinetobacter clinical isolates.
Acinetobacter ; Gene Frequency ; Genes, MDR ; Korea ; Polymerase Chain Reaction