BACKGROUND: The analgesic properties of the nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) have been attributed to their effects on the peripheral synthesis of prostaglandins. Although the preoperative use of NSAIDs has been increasing because of concerns regarding the side effects of opioid analgesics but results of clinical preemptive analgesia studies remain inconclusive. So, we studied the efficacy of preemptive analgesic effects of tenoxicam, new NSAID, on postoperative continuous intravenous analgesia with morphine. METHODS: We studied 40 parturients, undergoing cesarean section, ASA class I or II, randomly divided into two groups. Tenoxicam group were injected tenoxicam 0.3 mg/kg and control group were injected normal saline 3 ml at ten min. before induction. For both groups morphine 0.1 mg/kg was administered as loading dose and 0.015 mg/kg/hr as maintenance dose. We examined verbal quantitative score (VQS) at postoperative 30 min, 1, 6, 12, 24 and 48 hr. Maternal satisfaction, side effects, hepatic and renal function also evaluated after pain control. RESULTS: The values of VQS showed no significant differences between two groups 30 min, 1 and 6hr after start of morphine infusion, but there was significant decrease in tenoxicam group compared to control group 12, 24 and 48 hr after start of morphine infusion (p<0.05). There was no significant difference in maternal satisfaction between two groups and also there were no significant differences in the overall incidences of side effects between two groups. CONCLUSIONS: Preoperative single injection of tenoxicam showed incomplete preemptive analgesic effects on postoperative pain control after cesarean section.
Analgesia* ; Analgesics, Opioid ; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal ; Cesarean Section* ; Female ; Incidence ; Morphine* ; Pain, Postoperative ; Pregnancy ; Prostaglandins

Various neurotransmitters have been proposed as possible mediators of penile erection. Especially, norepinephrine and serotonin might have a important role in sexual arousal and penile erection. And it could be hypothesized that the psychogenic impotence is associated with the depletion or imbalance of norepinephrine and serotonin from evidences such as the symptomatic manifestation of depression and the antidepressant-induced sexual dysfunction. The authors investigates the association of norepienphrine and serotonin with psychogenic impotence. The psychogenic impotent group(PIG) consisted of twenty-three patients with psychogenic impotence and the controlled group(CG) consisted of twenty-seven patients without psychogenic impotence. PIG had no organic cause accounting for their erectile dysfunction. The Beck Depression Inventory(BDI) and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory(STAI) were applied to each subject to assess mood, state anxiety(SA) and trait anxiety(TA). Plasma norepinephrine level from systemic blood and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid(HIAA) levels from 24-hours urine were measured in each subject. The mean score of BDI of PIG was significantly higher than that of CG(p=0.015). PIG had a tendency of higher TA compared with CG(p=0.054). And also SA was higher in PIG, bud did not show significant difference(p=0.193). The level of norepinephrine was significantly lower in patient with psychogenic impotence(p=0.000). And the level of 24-hours urine 5-HIAA was lower in PIG but did not show significant difference(p=0.494). Although the authors did not exclude depressive disorders in PIG, the present findings suggest that psychogenic impotence might have higher depressive mood and trait anxiety, and be associated with the depletion of norepinephrine in systemic blood.
Anxiety ; Arousal ; Depression ; Depressive Disorder ; Erectile Dysfunction* ; Humans ; Hydroxyindoleacetic Acid ; Male ; Neurotransmitter Agents ; Norepinephrine* ; Penile Erection ; Plasma ; Serotonin*

No abstract available.

PURPOSE: The aims of this study are to measure the serum levels of fat soluble vitamins (vitamin A and D) from bile duct ligated rats, and to evaluate the effect of oral bile acids administration to facilitate absorption of fat soluble vitamins. METHOD: We measured serum ALT, total bilirubin, vitamin A, and vitamin D of Sprague-Dawley rats 1 week before and 4 weeks after experimental bile duct ligation. Rats were consisted with 3 groups. Group 2 had been find bile acids and group 3 ursodeoxycholic acid after operation for 4 weeks. Multi-vitamin was given to all groups. RESULTS: 1) Base line (mean value before duct ligation): ALT 74.2 IU, total bilirubin 0.26 mg/dL; vitamin D 13.01 ng/mL vitamin A 0.87 microgram/mL, total bile acids 25.16 micron mol/L. 2) Four weeks after ligation: ALT 100.7 IU, total bilirubin 2.58 mg/dL; vitamin D 7.89 ng/mL vitamin A 1.37 microgram/mL, total bile acids 278.22 micron mol/L. 3) 4 weeks after ligation, each group (group 1, group 2 and group 3) showed vitamin D (7.62, 8.10 and 7.99) ng/mL, vitamin A (1.68, 1.06 and 1.33) microgram/mL, total bile acids (233.17, 345.80 and 268.57) micron mol/L, which were statistically not significant. CONCLUSION: Serum level of vitamin A is increased after bile duct ligation although vitamin D is decreased. Oral administration of bile acids does not affect the serum levels of vitamin A and D in bile duct ligated rats.
Absorption ; Administration, Oral ; Animals ; Bile Acids and Salts ; Bile Ducts* ; Bile* ; Bilirubin ; Cholestasis ; Ligation ; Rats* ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Ursodeoxycholic Acid ; Vitamin A ; Vitamin D ; Vitamins*

No abstract available.
Cleft Lip ; Humans ; Orthognathic Surgery ; Palate

Voglibose, an α-glucosidase inhibitor, inhibits breakdown of complex carbohydrates into simple sugar units in intestine. Studies showed that voglibose metabolism in the liver might be negligible due to its poor intestinal absorption. Numerous microorganisms live in intestine and have several roles in metabolism and detoxification of various xenobiotics. Due to the limited information, the possible metabolism of voglibose by intestinal microbiota was investigated in vitro and in vivo.

The first massive outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Korea was controlled by fast diagnosis, isolation and triage systems. The development of therapeutic agents and vaccinations are going on, but many studies clarified the nature of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). In this review, we will discuss the characteristics and spreading of SARS-CoV-2, and prognostic factors and diagnosis of COVID-19.

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is characterized by a range of conditions including impairments in social interaction, communication, and restricted and repetitive behaviors. Pharmacological treatments can improve some symptoms of ASD, but the effect is limited and there is a huge unmet demand for successful interventions of ASD. Brain stimulation and modulation are emerging treatment options for ASD: electroconvulsive therapy for catatonia in ASD, vagal nerve stimulation for comorbid epilepsy and ASD, and deep brain stimulation for serious self-injurious behavior. Therapeutic tools are evolving to mechanism-driven treatment. Excitation/Inhibition (E/I) imbalance alters the brain mechanism of information processing and behavioral regulation. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation can stabilize aberrant neuroplasticity by improving E/I balance. These brain stimulation and modulation methods are expected to be used for exploration of the pathophysiology and etiology of ASD and might facilitate the development of a mechanism-driven solution of core domains of ASD in the future.
Autistic Disorder* ; Automatic Data Processing ; Brain* ; Catatonia ; Child ; Autism Spectrum Disorder* ; Deep Brain Stimulation ; Electroconvulsive Therapy ; Epilepsy ; Interpersonal Relations ; Neuronal Plasticity ; Optogenetics ; Self-Injurious Behavior ; Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation ; Vagus Nerve Stimulation

In a case of 46-year-old woman suffering from schizophrenia for over 20 years, she experienced frequent episodes of dyspnea and confirmed as superimposed with myasthenia gravis (MG). Throughout the seven-year follow-up period, after diagnosed as MG, she has been hospitalized 6 times and also diagnosed as colorectal cancer. Authors experienced various conditions associated with untoward effects of medication for myasthenia, schizophrenia, and colorectal cancer. Therefore, authors reported considerations for the pharmacotherapy of schizophrenia with myasthenia gravis.
Colorectal Neoplasms* ; Drug Therapy ; Dyspnea ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies* ; Humans ; Middle Aged ; Myasthenia Gravis* ; Schizophrenia*

Both death certificates and postmortem examination certificates are used as proof of death. These certificates sometimes contain erroneous information but how frequently they do so is unknown. In particular, only a few studies have measured the accuracy of the cause and manner of death on Korea death documents. In this study, we compared the cause and manner of death on both kinds of certificates with those on autopsy reports to determine the frequency of errors, and to identify way to improve the accuracy of these certificates. In 2012, 528 autopsies were requested of out institute, and certificates were submitted in 241 of the cases. The manner of death was classified as natural, unnatural, or unknown. The cause of death in the autopsy report matched that on the death certificate in 37 of 63 cases (58.7%), and the manner of death matched in 40 of 63 cases (63.5%). The cause of death in the autopsy report matched that on the postmortem examination certificate in 62 of 178 cases (34.8%), and the manner of death matched in 74 of 178 cases (41.6%). Death certificates and postmortem examination certificates are important documents. We identified many incorrect reports of causes and manners of death on both kinds of documents, especially the postmortem death certificates. These inaccuracies are presumably due to a lack of forensic information and education, as well as lack of interest on the part of medical doctors.
Autopsy* ; Cause of Death ; Death Certificates* ; Education ; Korea