We investigated the effect of lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) in experimental acetaminophen (APAP)-induced acute liver injury. LPA administration significantly reduced APAP-challenged acute liver injury, showing attenuated liver damage, liver cell death and aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase levels. APAP overdose-induced mortality was also significantly decreased by LPA administration. Regarding the mechanism involved in LPA-induced protection against acute liver injury, LPA administration significantly increased the glutathione level, which was markedly decreased in APAP challenge-induced acute liver injury. LPA administration also strongly blocked the APAP challenge-elicited phosphorylation of JNK, ERK and GSK3β, which are involved in the pathogenesis of acute liver injury. Furthermore, LPA administration decreased the production of TNF-α and IL-1β in an experimental drug-induced liver injury animal model. Mouse primary hepatocytes express LPA₁(,)₃–₆, and injection of the LPA receptor antagonist KI16425 (an LPA₁(,)₃-selective inhibitor) or H2L 5765834 (an LPA₁(,)₃(,)₅-selective inhibitor) did not reverse the LPA-induced protective effects against acute liver injury. The therapeutic administration of LPA also blocked APAP-induced liver damage, leading to an increased survival rate. Collectively, these results indicate that the well-known bioactive lipid LPA can block the pathogenesis of APAP-induced acute liver injury by increasing the glutathione level but decreasing inflammatory cytokines in an LPA₁(,)₃(,)₅-independent manner. Our results suggest that LPA might be an important therapeutic agent for drug-induced liver injury.

A 36-year-old woman with an unremarkable medical history presented for laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Routine preoperative assessment of the patient's airway revealed normal jaw opening. Upon induction of anesthesia, her jaw locked in a nearly closed position. X-ray and MRI of the temporomandibular joints that were taken postoperatively showed normal findings except for the steeper posterior angles of the articular eminences. During the next induction of anesthesia, intubation was readily accomplished by opening the mandible with a forward pulling of the chin.
Adult ; Anatomic Variation* ; Anesthesia ; Chin ; Cholecystectomy, Laparoscopic ; Female ; Humans ; Intubation ; Jaw ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Mandible ; Temporomandibular Joint*

INTRODUCTION: Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) was a newly coined term for a disease that existed prior to its naming in the mid 20th century. The issue about whether ADHD is a new disorder or merely a new name for an existing disorder is still controversial. The authors tried to find the clues to the answer for this question through reviewing historical documents for traces of ADHD. CONTENTS: We could find literatures and medical records that contain possible ADHD symptoms. In particular, in 1845, Heinrich Hoffmann's 'fidgety Philip' or 'Johnny Look-in-the-air' nearly satisfies today's criteria for ADHD. Methylphenidate was approved as a promising chemical for inattention in 1957 before the establishment of the concept of ADHD. In 1968, ADHD was first officially introduced as "Hyperactivity Reaction of Childhood" by DSM-II. In 1980, DSM-III, 'Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD)' was adopted as an official diagnostic term and changed to 'ADHD' since the creation of DSM-III-R in 1987. CONCLUSION: As stated above, ADHD has existed since long ago and became familiar via an advanced diagnostic system and therapeutic options.
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders ; Medical Records ; Methylphenidate ; Numismatics

PURPOSE: Postoperative voiding dysfunction is a bothersome complication after mid-urethral sling surgery. The current study presents multiple repeated postoperative voiding trials against a urine load of preoperative functional bladder capacity, as estimated by a preoperative frequency volume chart, to identify the relevance of preoperative and immediate factors to the outcome. METHODS: A total of 180 patients were enrolled from August 2008 to August 2011. Patients received mid-urethral sling surgery with a transobturator tape, with or without concomitant cystocele repair. Patients reported relevant medical histories and a 3-day frequency volume chart and underwent urodynamic studies. After surgery, patients were filled to their maximum bladder capacity as dictated by their frequency volume chart and performed the first voiding trial. Two subsequent voiding trials were performed after natural filling. Failure of any single voiding trial was considered failure. Patients who failed the final voiding trial received intermittent catheterization to follow-up. After screening for relevant factors with the use of univariate analyses, preoperative, surgical, and postoperative factors predicting outcome were estimated by logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: The urine load at the voiding trial and the peak flow rate immediately preceding the voiding trial predicted voiding trial success in the multivariate analysis. Urine load and previous trial peak flow rate were relevant when tested against each individual voiding trial. Preoperative and surgical factors, such as age, parity, and concomitant cystocele repair, showed significance in the univariate analysis. Overall, 16.1% of patients who passed the first voiding trial failed on subsequent trials, whereas 36.8% of patients who failed the first voiding trial succeeded. CONCLUSIONS: Postoperative voiding dysfunction is transient and is associated with the immediate voiding conditions following surgery. Close observation against urine overload in the bladder is important when weaning patients back to normal voiding conditions.
Catheterization ; Catheters ; Cystocele ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Logistic Models ; Mass Screening ; Multivariate Analysis ; Parity ; Suburethral Slings ; Urinary Bladder ; Urinary Incontinence ; Urinary Retention ; Urodynamics ; Weaning

Recently, functional MRI has been used to investigate the neurobiological mechanisms of acupuncture and the specificity of acupoint. The group data tend to be regarded as more important than the individual data in the most of previous studies. This study was designed to investigate the effect of the variability of individual data on the group results. A functional MRI (fMRI) of the whole brain was performed in fifteen healthy subjects during placebo and acupuncture stimulations at the ST36 acupoint. After remaining at rest for 30 seconds, the acupuncture was inserted and twisted at the rate of 2 Hz for 45 seconds and then the acupuncture was removed immediately. This process was repeated three times. Individual and group analyses were performed by voxel-based analyses using SPM2 software. Visual inspections of the activation and deactivation maps from individual sessions have shown the large variability across fifteen subjects. This means that the group data reflected the brain activation responses of only a few subjects. We suggest that the individual data should be presented to demonstrate the effect of acupuncture.
Acupuncture ; Acupuncture Points ; Brain ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Sensitivity and Specificity

BACKGROUND: This study was designed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of midazolam premedication administered by a jet-injector in pediatric patients. METHODS: Children undergoing outpatient surgery were randomized into three groups: intravenous induction with thiopental sodium (control group, n = 20), oral midazolam premedication (PO-med group, n = 20) or midazolam premedication using a jet-injector (Jet-med group, n = 20). In the PO-med and Jet-med group patients, anesthetic induction was performed by sevoflurane inhalation and an intravenous catheter (IVC) was inserted after the children had been anesthetized by sevoflurane inhalation. For the control group patients, an IVC was placed in the preoperative holding area. Agitation scores were recorded in the preoperative holding area and recovery room. Anesthesia times and the views of the medical staff concerning the technique benefits were also noted. Patients and parents were interviewed on the following day. RESULTS: Maximum agitation scores in the preoperative holding area and during separation with parents were significantly lower in the PO-med and Jet-med groups. The induction time was significantly longer in the PO-med and Jet-med groups. No statistically significant differences were found for the recovery characteristics. Though interviews with patients and parents produced similar results for patients in each group, the medical staff satisfaction levels were significantly higher for patients in the PO-med and Jet-med groups. CONCLUSIONS: The findings of this study suggest that the application of the jet-injector for midazolam premedication may be clinically useful in children who do not have an IVC. The use of the jet-injector could be a substitute for the oral route for midazolam administration.
Ambulatory Surgical Procedures ; Anesthesia ; Catheters ; Child ; Dihydroergotamine ; Humans ; Inhalation ; Medical Staff ; Midazolam ; Parents ; Preanesthetic Medication ; Premedication* ; Recovery Room ; Thiopental

A hyperventilation attack is common in people with overanxiety and nervous prostration. However, persistent hyperventilation can cause many severe complications. Although there have been many case reports and studies on the hyperventilation attack, there has been no case report that occured during the recovery from general anesthesia. We experienced a unique case of hyperventilation attack during recovery from general anesthesia. The patient was a previously healthy 18 years old female who did not have any other history of hyperventilation or psychogenic problems. During general anesthesia recovery, she suddenly hyperventilated (respiratory rates>50/min). This hyperventilation waxed and waned in proportion to the sedation by the target- controlled infusion with propofol. The respiratory rates were stabilized to below 20/minute in 5 hours later.
Adolescent ; Anesthesia, General* ; Anxiety ; Female ; Humans ; Hyperventilation* ; Propofol ; Respiratory Rate

We present a case of adult onset Still's disease (AOSD) that was misdiagnosed as septic arthritis of the shoulder and knee. A forty-nine-year-old woman was admitted for pain in the left knee. The patient's medical history showed that she had undergone arthroscopic irrigation twice and an open debridement under the diagnosis of septic shoulder at another hospital. The laboratory and joint fluid analysis findings led us to suspect septic knee. Arthroscopic irrigation and antibiotics treatment were performed. At five weeks after discharge, she presented with pain in the same joint, fever, and rash. The symptoms were consistent with Yamaguchi's criteria for AOSD. We started corticosteroid therapy, and clinical remission was achieved. In conclusion, we suggest that AOSD should be considered as a diagnosis of exclusion to avoid misdiagnosis with septic arthritis.
Adult ; Anti-Bacterial Agents ; Arthritis, Infectious ; Debridement ; Diagnostic Errors ; Exanthema ; Female ; Fever ; Humans ; Joints ; Knee ; Shoulder ; Still's Disease, Adult-Onset

Neutrophils play a key role in innate immunity, and the identification of new stimuli that stimulate neutrophil activity is a very important issue. In this study, we identified three novel peptides by screening a synthetic hexapeptide combinatorial library. The identified peptides GMMWAI, MMHWAM, and MMHWFM caused an increase in intracellular Ca2+ in a concentration-dependent manner via phospholipase C activity in human neutrophils. The three peptides acted specifically on neutrophils and monocytes and not on other non-leukocytic cells. As a physiological characteristic of the peptides, we observed that the three peptides induced chemotactic migration of neutrophils as well as stimulated superoxide anion production. Studying receptor specificity, we observed that two of the peptides (GMMWAI and MMHWFM) acted on formyl peptide receptor (FPR)1 while the other peptide (MMHWAM) acted on FPR2. Since the three novel peptides were specific agonists for FPR1 or FPR2, they might be useful tools to study FPR1- or FPR2-mediated immune response and signaling.
Animals ; Calcium/metabolism ; Cell Line ; Cells, Cultured ; Chemotaxis, Leukocyte/drug effects ; Humans ; Mice ; NIH 3T3 Cells ; Neutrophils/*cytology/*drug effects ; PC12 Cells ; Peptides/*pharmacology ; Rats ; Receptors, Formyl Peptide/agonists

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Gastric cancer is one of the most common malignant disease worldwide, particularly in Korean populations, but its etiology is not well-established. The infection with Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of gastroduodenal diseases and recent studies have focused on whether specific H. pylori strains are associated with gastric carcinogenesis. The aim of this study was to investigate whether VacA seropositivity is associated with increased risk of gastric cancer in Korean populations. METHODS: Gastroduodenoscopy was done in patients with upper gastrointestinal complaints. During the examination, rapid urease test for the presence of H. pylori infection was done using gastric biopsy specimens taken from normal gastric antrum. Sera were collected from 20 chronic gastritis and 23 gastric cancer patients with H. pylori infection. Western blotting was carried out using a commercially prepared kit-Helicoblot 2.0. RESULTS: VacA seropositivity was 35% (8/23) in patients with gastric cancer and 55% (11/20) in patients with chronic gastritis (p=0.15). According to Lauren classification of gastric cancer, the numbers of patients with the intestinal and diffuse type were 12 and 11, respectively. VacA seropositivity was 25% (3/12) in patients with the intestinal type and 45.4% (5/11) in patients with the diffuse type (p=0.30). CONCLUSIONS: The infection with VacA positive H. pylori strain is not associated with increasing risk of gastric cancer in Korean populations.
Biopsy ; Blotting, Western ; Carcinogenesis ; Classification ; Gastritis ; Helicobacter pylori* ; Helicobacter* ; Humans ; Pyloric Antrum ; Stomach Neoplasms* ; Urease