PURPOSE: There are many medical treatments for enuresis. However, it is not known the effect of enuresis management according to when medication was started in the clinical field. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine the results of treating enuresis according to different starting points of the medication. MATERIALS AND METHODS: During March 2001 to May 2004, 331 patients among the 412 primary monosymptomatic enuresis patients were studied for over 6 months: they were treated to a combination of medical treatments and then the reduction of medication dose was taped. Patients less than 5 years old were in group A, the 6-7 years old were in group B, and the patients older than 8 years old were in group C. Successful medication was defined as 14 days of no enuresis without relapse, and failure was defined as 2 or more incidence of enuresis in 2 weeks or loss to follow up after 6 months of treatment. RESULTS: Group A included a total of 105 patients; 81(77.1%) patients experienced successful treatment. Group B included a total of 111 patients, and 86 (77.5%) patients had a successful treatment. Group C included a total of 115 patients, and 79 (68.7%) patients had successful treatment. The mean medication period was 6.5+/-5.2 months for group A, 8.5+/-6.8 months for group B and 10.3+/-9.5 months for group C: these results showed statistical significance (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Despite that spontaneous cure does occur, the study results showed that the patients who were medicated earlier had a higher success rate and a shortened medication period. Considering the results of this study, early treatment for enuresis should be suggested.
Child ; Child, Preschool ; Enuresis* ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Incidence ; Recurrence

Malignant triton tumor is a rare and usually aggressive sarcoma consisting of a malignant schwannoma with rhabdomyoblastic differentiation. Although this tumor is usually found at the extremities, 20% of cases are located in the head and neck region. This unusual tumor has not yet been described in the Korean Journal of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery. Malignant triton tumor is histologically high-grade, with large numbers of mitoses, prominent necrosis, and cellular pleomorphism. The clinical course for malignant triton tumor is usually one of rapid growth, early metastasis, and poor outcome in spite of therapy. Recently we experienced a case of malignant triton tumor, which involved the nasal cavity, maxillary and ethmoid sinus. The malignant tumor was treated with wide surgical excision followed by radiation therapy.
Ethmoid Sinus ; Extremities ; Head ; Mitosis ; Nasal Cavity* ; Neck ; Necrosis ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; Neptune* ; Neurilemmoma ; Sarcoma

Objectives: Mucous retention cysts and pseudoantral cysts are mainly located within the floor of the maxillary sinus. Most of these maxillary cysts are asymptomatic and often only require observation. However, the presence of these benign maxillary cysts may create problems when maxillary sinus all types of implants are needed. Various treatment methods have been introduced. The selected treatment option depends on the type, size, and location of the cyst and its symptoms. Patients and Methods: The case reports of four patients with maxillary cysts were reviewed retrospectively. These patients received a sinus lift between January 2016 and October 2021 at the Wonkwang University Dental Hospital. Results: To reduce unnecessary operations and the duration of treatment, a conservative treatment method is required. A sinus lift in the presence of maxillary cyst will not typically cause sinus problems if the lifted sinus membrane does not interfere with ventilation of the maxillary sinus. Conclusion When proper treatment is provided, sinus perforation during a sinus lift performed in the presence of maxillary cyst and contamination of bone graft materials by cystic fluid does not necessarily result in adverse outcomes.

PURPOSES: An overactive bladder is highly prevalent in middle-aged woman, especially during the postmenopausal period. We evaluated the relationship between detrusor overactivity and postmenopausal state and the effects of estrogen replacement for detrusor overactivity caused by the ovariectomy in rat. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Thirty female Sprague Dawley rats were divided into three groups: the control, the ovariectomy group and the estrogen replacement group after the ovariectomy. The ovariectomy and estrogen replacement groups had the bilateral ovariectomies at 12 weeks of age. After 2 weeks, the control and ovariectomy groups were injected weekly with saline, while the estrogen replacement group was injected with estradiol benzoate (500 migrogram/kg) weekly. After 12 weeks, the voiding frequency study was recorded and a cystometrogram was performed while awake. The harvested bladders were used in the carbachol-induced detrusor muscle contraction study and the distribution of estrogen, M2 and M3 muscarinic receptors in the rats' bladder. RESULTS: The ovariectomy group voided more frequently than the others (p=0.005). During the awake cystometrogram, the detrusor characteristics of the ovariectomy group were a higher mean intervoiding pressure and smaller bladder capacity than the others (p=0.000). There was no significant statistical difference between the control and estrogen replacement group. The other cystometric parameters were not statistically different either. The detrusor muscle contraction study showed no difference between three groups. There was a significant difference in the distribution of M2 and M3 receptors of bladder mucosa between the control and ovariectomy group. CONCLUSIONS: This study suggested that the detrusor overactivity resulted from increased connective tissue ratio and decreased M2, M3 receptor in the bladder mucosa. Moreover, estrogen replacement in the postmenopausal state had the effect of reversing the physiological and morphological changes caused by an estrogen deficiency in the bladder.
Animals ; Benzoates ; Connective Tissue ; Estradiol ; Estrogen Replacement Therapy* ; Estrogens* ; Female ; Humans ; Mucous Membrane ; Muscle Contraction ; Ovariectomy* ; Physiology* ; Postmenopause ; Rats* ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Receptors, Muscarinic ; Urinary Bladder* ; Urinary Bladder, Overactive

PURPOSE: We studied the voiding dysfunction after surgical treatment of female stress urinary incontinence and diagnosis and treatment. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Three hundred women with stress urinary incontinence underwent surgical procedure between January 1998 and December 2004. Ninety two patients(30.6%) experienced the postoperative voiding dysfunction. As the primary procedure for the management of postoperative voiding dysfunction alpha-blockers medication and clean intermittent catheterization(CIC) were performed. Then, hegar dilation and urethral pull-down procedure were performed as a secondary measure. For the patients who showed persistent obstructed symptoms, cutting of mesh or sling materials were performed. RESULTS: In 57 patients, symptoms improved by alpha-blockers medication and CIC. The others were received hegar dilation and urethral pull-down procedure, and 29 patients were improved. 6 patients were not controlled by conservative treatment, of which 3 patients underwent cutting of mesh or sling. De novo urgency was developed in 12 patients. Anticholinergics were taken, symptoms were diminished in 10 patients after 5 months of medication. CONCLUSION: Most voiding dysfunction after surgery may be effectively managed by conservative treatment. In cases of failure, hegar dilation and urethral pull-down procedure may be useful within postoperative first weak. Finally, cutting of mesh or sling must be considered in patient whose the secondary measure is failed.
Cholinergic Antagonists ; Diagnosis ; Female* ; Humans ; Urinary Incontinence*

BACKGROUND/AIMS: A number of studies have reported wide variability in the colonoscope insertion time among patients who had prior abdominal surgery. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of abdominal surgery on colonoscope insertion time. METHODS: The subjects were 192 patients with prior abdominal surgery, among 3,600 patients who underwent a colonoscopy at Samsung Changwon Hospital from May 2008 to May 2010. We collected the following data: insertion time, age, gender, height, weight, BMI, waist circumference, method of abdominal surgery, and the degree of bowel cleanliness. Previous abdominal operations were divided into colectomy, non-colectomy abdominal surgery, pelvic surgery, and laparoscopic surgery groups. RESULTS: The average colonoscope insertion time in patients with prior abdominal surgery (7.73+/-5.95 min) was longer than that of the non-surgery group (6.4+/-3.88 min). Patients in the colectomy groups were older and had a shorter insertion time (5.11+/-3.32 min) than patients in the other groups. CONCLUSIONS: Insertion of a colonoscope in patients with previous abdominal surgery was more difficult than that in the control group, except the colectomy group.
Colectomy ; Colonoscopes ; Colonoscopy ; Humans ; Laparoscopy ; Waist Circumference

Cronkhite-Cadana syndrome is a rare non-familial disease. This syndrome is characterized by multiple hamartomatous polyps on the entire gastrointestinal tract except esophagus, nail dystrophy, alopecia and hyperpigmentation. Taste disturbance, abdominal pain, diarrhea and weight loss are common symptoms of it. The pathogenesis and causes of Cronkhite-Canada syndrome remain unknown until now. Although various treatment strategies including steroid therapy have been tried, their prognosis is poor. We report a 68 years old man who were diagnosed Cronkhite-Canada syndrome with esophageal candidiasis. After using combination of steroids and anti-fungal drugs, both Cronkhite-Canada syndrome and esophageal candidiasis were cured.
Abdominal Pain ; Alopecia ; Candidiasis ; Diarrhea ; Esophagus ; Gastrointestinal Tract ; Hyperpigmentation ; Intestinal Polyposis ; Nails ; Polyps ; Prognosis ; Steroids ; Weight Loss

A 27-year-old male with nonobstructive hydronephrosis was referred from the urology department for polyuria evaluation and management. The patient was hospitalized for urinary tract infection and cystostomy was performed due to neurogenic bladder of unknown origin. The patient was of short stature and had visual impairment. From the interview, we discovered he had been suffering from polyuria and polydipsia for more than 20 years. Urine output was 13 L/day and urine osmolarity was 85 mOsm/kg. The results of a water deprivation test were consistent with central diabetes insipidus. Septo-optic dysplasia (SOD) was observed on brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). SOD is a very rare condition characterized by agenesis of the septum pellucidum or corpus callosum, which may cause optic nerve aplasia or hypoplasia, midbrain abnormalities and/or hypopituitarism. After desmopressin treatment, polyuria and hydronephrosis were improved. We report a case of a 27-year-old male diagnosed with SOD including diabetes insipidus, resulting in nonobstructive hydronephrosis.
Adult ; Brain ; Corpus Callosum ; Cystostomy ; Deamino Arginine Vasopressin ; Diabetes Insipidus ; Diabetes Insipidus, Neurogenic* ; Humans ; Hydronephrosis* ; Hypopituitarism ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Male ; Mesencephalon ; Optic Nerve ; Osmolar Concentration ; Polydipsia ; Polyuria ; Septo-Optic Dysplasia* ; Septum Pellucidum ; Urinary Bladder, Neurogenic ; Urinary Tract Infections ; Urology ; Vision Disorders ; Water Deprivation

PURPOSE: We wanted to investigate the serial changes of the serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) and interleukin-10 (IL-10) concentrations, according to the neurological outcome, in patients who received therapeutic hypothermia after successful cardiopulmonary resuscitation. We also wanted to evaluate the usefulness of serum IL-6 and IL-10 as biochemical markers to predict the neurological outcome. METHODS: We prospectively evaluated 23 patients who received therapeutic hypothermia after successful cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Blood samples were taken at 0, 4, 12, 24 and 48 hours after the return of spontaneous circulation. We compared the IL-6 and IL-10 levels between the good (CPC 1 to 2) and poor (CPC 3 to 5) neurological outcome (NO) groups. RESULTS: The serum IL-6 level at 0 hr was significantly higher in the good NO group than that in the poor NO group. The periods of time that showed the greatest pattern of change between the good and poor NO groups were 4-12 hr for the IL-6 level and 0-4 hr for the IL-10 level. On the analysis of the ROC curve, the cut-off value for delta IL-10 (0-4 hr) was -5.4 pg/ml (AUC=0.827, sensitivity 80.0%, specificity 93.3%, p=0.032) and the cut-off value for delta IL-6 (4-12 hr) was 62.8 ng/ml (AUC=0.527, sensitivity 80.0%, specificity 34.0%, p=0.861, respectively). CONCLUSION: Our study suggests that the early delta IL-10 can be used as a neurological prognostic marker for patients who are undergoing therapeutic hypothermia after successful cardiopulmonary resuscitation.
Biomarkers ; Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation ; Heart Arrest ; Humans ; Hypothermia ; Interleukin-10 ; Interleukin-6 ; Prospective Studies ; ROC Curve ; Sensitivity and Specificity

BACKGROUND/AIMS: As the population ages, endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreaticography (ERCP) is being used increasingly as a diagnostic and therapeutic tool for elderly patients with pancreatobiliary disease. The aim of this study was to assess the outcomes, safety and complications associated with ERCP performed in the elderly patients. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the medical record of 596 patients who were 50 years of age or older and underwent ERCP from January 2005 to September 2010. The patients were classified into two groups according to the age: non-elderly, 50-74 years old and elderly, > or =75 years old. Comparisons were made between two groups. RESULTS: Five hundred and ninety-six patients (132 elderly and 464 non-elderly patients) were enrolled. The success rate of ERCP was 89.4% in the elderly and 91.9% in the non-elderly. The major complications were occurred in 11 patients of the elderly and 16 of the non-elderly, and the complication rate was significantly higher in the elderly compared to the non-elderly (8.3% vs. 3.4%, p=0.011). Pancreatitis occurred in 2 elderly patients and 10 non-elderly patients (1.5% vs. 2.1%, p=1.0). There was a higher rate of bleeding in the elderly patients (4.5% vs. 1.3%, p=0.01). CONCLUSIONS: ERCP is effective and safe even in elderly patients. Outcomes of diagnostic and therapeutic ERCP in the elderly patients were similar to those in non-elderly patients. Elderly patients undergoing ERCP carried similar risk of pancreatitis but a higher risk of bleeding and perforation compared to non-elderly patients.
Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Cholangiopancreatography, Endoscopic Retrograde/*adverse effects ; Female ; Hemorrhage/etiology ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Pancreatitis/etiology