Lomatogonium rotatum (L.) Fries, Gentianopsis barbata (Froel) Ma, and Gentianella acuta (Michx.) Hulten, the three kinds of Digeda-species Mongolian medicinal materials belonging to the family Gentianaceae, bad been widely used for the treatment of liver diseases. To analyze comparatively the content of swertiamarin and swertisin among these three kinds of Digeda-species Mongolian medicinal materials. HPLC method was applied for qualitative and quantitative analysis of swertiamarin and swertisin. The Phenomenex C18 (4.6 mm x 250 mm, 5 μm) was used, chromatographic methanol and water as mobile phase, the flow rate was 1.5 mL x min(-1) with UV detected at 237 nm, column oven temperature was 25 degrees C. Results showed that the contents of swertiamarin and swertisin were closely related the different species and producing areas. The content range of swertiamarin in L. rotatum from different habitats was 1.73% - 2.72%, 0.43% - 0.96% for the swertisin content; the content of swertiamarin in G. barbata from Alxa Left Banner was 0.38%, and the content of swertiamarin and swertisin in G. barbata from the others habitats and G. Acuta from different habitats were all detected qualitatively. The contents of swertiamarin and swertisin among these medicinal plants showed a significant difference due to the different species and producing areas. As a consequence, these medicinal plants should not be put together for clinical applications.
Apigenin ; analysis ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; Gentianaceae ; chemistry ; classification ; Gentianella ; chemistry ; classification ; Iridoid Glucosides ; analysis ; Medicine, Mongolian Traditional ; Mongolia ; Plant Extracts ; analysis ; Pyrones ; analysis

OBJECTIVETo isolate and identify the active xanthone glycosides in Halenia elliptica.

METHODThe compounds were isolated by column chromatography, semi-preparative high performance liquid chromatography and related techniques. Their structures were elucidated through spectroscopic analysis (NMR and MS).

RESULTSix xanthone glycosides were isolated and identified as: 2,3,5-trimethoxy-1-O-primeverosyloxyxanthone (1), 2, 3, 4, 5-tetramethoxy-1-O-primeverosyloxyxanthone (2), 2, 3, 5, 7-tetramethoxy-1-O-primeverosyloxyxanthone (3), 2, 3, 7-trimethoxy-1-O-primeverosyloxyxanthone (4), 2, 3, 4, 7-tetramethoxy-1-O-primeverosyloxyxanthone (5), and 2, 3, 4, 5, 7-pentamethoxy-1-O-primeverosyloxyxanthone (6).

CONCLUSIONCompounds 4-6 were isolated from this plant for the first time.

Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; chemistry ; Gentianaceae ; chemistry ; Glycosides ; chemistry ; Xanthones ; chemistry

Swertiamarin (STM) is an iridoid compound that is present in the Gentianaceae swertia genus. Here we investigated antiapoptotic effects of STM on carbon tetrachloride (CCl₄)-induced liver injury and its possible mechanisms. Adult male Sprague Dawley rats were randomly divided into a control group, an STM 200 mg/kg group, a CCl₄ group, a CCl₄+STM 100 mg/kg group, and a CCl₄+STM 200 mg/kg group. Rats in experimental groups were subcutaneously injected with 40% CCl₄ twice weekly for 8 weeks. STM (100 and 200 mg/kg per day) was orally given to experimental rats by gavage for 8 consecutive weeks. Hepatocyte apoptosis was determined by TUNEL assay and the expression levels of Bcl-2, Bax, and cleaved caspase-3 proteins were evaluated by western blot analysis. The expression of TGF-β1, collagen I, collagen III, CTGF and fibronectin mRNA were estimated by qRT-PCR. The results showed that STM significantly reduced the number of TUNEL-positive cells compared with the CCl₄ group. The levels of Bax and cleaved caspase-3 proteins, and TGF-β1, collagen I, collagen III, CTGF, and fibronectin mRNA were significantly reduced by STM compared with the CCl₄ group. In addition, STM markedly abrogated the repression of Bcl-2 by CCl₄. STM also attenuated the activation of the PI3K/Akt pathway in the liver. These results suggested that STM ameliorated CCl₄-induced hepatocyte apoptosis in rats.
Adult ; Animals ; Apoptosis* ; Blotting, Western ; Carbon Tetrachloride ; Carbon* ; Caspase 3 ; Collagen ; Fibronectins ; Gentianaceae ; Hepatocytes ; Humans ; In Situ Nick-End Labeling ; Liver ; Male ; Rats* ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Repression, Psychology ; RNA, Messenger ; Swertia

OBJECTIVETo study the optimum process of removing cadmium irons from extracts of Gentianae Radix et Rhizoma with gamma-mercaptopropyl-modified silica gel (MPS) and assess its cadmium ion-removing property.

METHODStatic and dynamic adsorptions were adopted to detect the cadmium-removing rate. MPS' cadmium ion-removing property was assessed with such indicators as the cadmium-removing rate, the solid content and the HPLC fingerprint.

RESULTThe process parameters of the static adsorption were as follows: 0.20 g x mL(-1) of concentration of extracts, 120 minutes of adsorption time and 15:1 between raw materials and MPS. The process parameters of the dynamic adsorption were as follows: 1:3.5 times between diameter and height, 0.20 g x mL(-1) of concentration of extracts, 0.9 mL x min(-1) of flow rate of the extracts and 50:1 between raw materials and MPS. Before and after the cadmium ion-removing process, the extracts showed no notable difference in solid content and HPLC fingerprint.

CONCLUSIONgamma-mercaptopropyl-modified silica gel (MPS) can effectively remove cadmium ion from the extracts of Gentianae Radix et Rhizoma with an excellent cadmium ion-removing property.

Adsorption ; Cadmium ; chemistry ; Drug Contamination ; Gentianaceae ; chemistry ; Rhizome ; chemistry ; Silica Gel ; chemistry

OBJECTIVETo establish the HPLC fingerprint for Halenia elliptica herbs, a traditional Tibetan medicine, in order to study constituents contained in H. elliptica from different habitats and compare their differences.

METHODHPLC analysis was made on a Welchrom-C18 (4.6 mm x 250 mm, 5 microm) with water and acetonitrile as mobile phase. The wavelength was detected as 265 nm, the flow rate was 1.0 mL x min(-1), and the column temperature was 40 degrees C. The software for chromatographic fingerprint was applied to analyze the similarity. And principal component analysis was conducted.

RESULTTwelve common chromatographic peaks were identified by fingerprint, showing a low similarity in constituent and variety. The significant difference in the proportion between xanthones and aglycones in each batch of herbs indicated no notable correlation between constituent characteristics and geographic locations of habitats.

CONCLUSIONThe method is so simple, exclusive, stable and highly repeatable that it can provide reference for identification and quality assessment of H. elliptica herbs.

Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; chemistry ; Ecosystem ; Gentianaceae ; chemistry ; classification

To study the identification of Gentianaceae Mongolian medicine Digeda with spectroscopy techniques, near infrared spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry techniques were applied to study on the identification of 4 kinds of Gentianaceae Mongolian medicine Digeda, and characteristic spectrums obtained were systematically analyzed. In NIR study, the four species of Digeda exist some differences in 4 250-4 400 cm(-1) and 5 650-5 800 cm(-1) of one-dimensional spectra, and show significant differences in 4 100- 4 400 cm(-1), 4 401-4 900 cm(-1) and 5 400-5 800 cm(-1) of the second derivative spectra. DSC curves of them present distinct topological pattern, characteristic peak and peak temperature. Using near infrared spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry analysis can realize efficient and accurate identification of four kinds of Mongolian medicine Digeda, and provide scientific basis for the efficient and accurate identification of other Gentianaceae Mongolian medicine Digeda.
Calorimetry, Differential Scanning ; methods ; China ; Gentianaceae ; chemistry ; classification ; Medicine, Mongolian Traditional ; Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared ; methods

The distribution information of Lomatogonium rotatum. was collected by interview investigation and field survey, and 55 related environmental factors were collected, the habitat suitability study was conducted based on geographic information system (GIS) and maximum entropy model. The AUCs of ROC curve were both above 0.99, indicating that the predictive results with the maximum model were highly precise. The results showed that 13 major environmental factors have obvious influence on ecology suitability distributions of L. rotatum, including month average temperature of February et al., the suitable distribution areas are mainly concentrated in the east-central of Inner Mongolia, including Hexigten banner, Duolun county, Zhenglan banner et al., The zoning results basically coincide with the genuine producing areas, and further afford new suitable distribution areas, which can provide reference for L. rotatum's wild nursery and the siting of introduction and cultivation.
China ; Ecosystem ; Environment ; Gentianaceae ; growth & development ; Geographic Information Systems ; Rain ; Temperature

The xanthones in the ethyl acetate extract of Comastoma pedunlulatum were investigated. The chromatographic and spectroscopic techniques were used to isolate and identify the constituents. Nine xanthones were isolated from the active parts of the ethyl acetate portion of the 70% ethanolic extract of C. Pedunlulatum, which possess the protective activity against hepatocyte damage caused by DL-GalN, and identified as 1,8-dihydroxy-2,6-dimethoxyxanthone (1), 8-hydroxy-1,2,6-trimethoxyxanthone (2), 1,6,8-trihydroxy-2-methoxyxanthone (3), 1,8-dihydroxy-3,5-dimethoxyxanthone (4), 1-hydroxy-3,5,8-trimethoxyxanthone (5), 1 -hydroxy-3,7-dimethoxyxanthone (6), 1,2,6,8-tetrahydroxyxanthone (7), 1,3,7-trihydroxy4- methoxyxanthone (8), 6,8-dihydroxy-1, 2-dimethoxyxanthone (9). Among them, compounds 6-9 were isolated from the genus Comastoma for the fist time.
Gentianaceae ; chemistry ; Plant Extracts ; analysis ; isolation & purification ; Xanthones ; analysis ; isolation & purification

OBJECTIVETo study the chemical constituents from the herb of Gentianopsis paludosa.

METHODColumn chromatogrophy and spectral analysis were used to isolate and identify the constituents.

RESULTSix compounds were isolated and identified as 1,7-dihydroxy-3,8-dimethoxyxanthone (I), 1-hydroxy-3, 7, 8-trimethoxyxanthone (II), 1, 8-dihydroxy-3, 7-dimethoxyxanthone (III), 1-hydroxy-3, 7-dimethoxyxanthone (IV), beta-sitosterol (V), daucosterol (VI).

CONCLUSIONCompounds III-VI were isolated from the plant for the first time.

Gentianaceae ; chemistry ; Plants, Medicinal ; chemistry ; Sitosterols ; chemistry ; isolation & purification ; Xanthones ; chemistry ; isolation & purification

AIM: To study the chemical constituents of Lomatogonium carinthiacum (Wulfen) Rchb. METHOD: The CHCl3-soluble fraction was separated by chromatography and the structures of the new compounds were elucidated by spectral experiments. RESULTS: Two new xanthones, 1, 8-dihydroxy-4, 5-dimethoxy-6, 7-methylenedioxyxanthone (1), 1, 4, 8-trimethoxyxanthone-6-O-β-D-glucoronyl-(1→6)O-β-D-glucoside (2) were isolated from the whole plant of Lomatogonium carinthiacum. CONCLUSION Compounds 1 and 2 are new natural products.
Gentianaceae ; chemistry ; Glucosides ; chemistry ; isolation & purification ; Molecular Structure ; Plant Extracts ; chemistry ; Xanthones ; chemistry ; isolation & purification