1.The effect of continuous urinary alkalinization on the prevention of gentamicin nephrotoxicity.
Ho Yung LEE ; Hyung Mee BAE ; Young Ki KIM ; Seung Hwan SOHN ; Heung Soo KIM ; Kyu Hun CHOI ; Sung Kyu HA ; Dae Sik HAN
Korean Journal of Nephrology 1992;11(1):23-32
No abstract available.
Gentamicins*
2.Comparative Vestibulotoxicity of Different Aminoglycosides in the Guinea Pigs.
Erol SELIMOGLU ; Saadettin KALKANDELEN ; Fazli ERDOGAN
Yonsei Medical Journal 2003;44(3):517-522
The histopathological alterations in the vestibule due to aminoglycosides are well defined. Although there are reports comparing the vestibulotoxic effects of the many aminoglycosides, this is the first study to compare the effects of the most commonly used aminoglycosides i.e., streptomycin, gentamicin, amikacin and netilmicin administered both transtympanically and systemically. The transtympanic and systemic administration of each aminoglycoside caused similar histopathological alterations in the vestibule. The most severe degeneration in the cristae ampullaris, utriculus and sacculus was observed after streptomycine administration. The severity of the vestibular damage in terms of magnitude was in the order of streptomycine, gentamicin, amikacin, and netilmicin.
Amikacin/administration & dosage/*poisoning
;
Animals
;
Comparative Study
;
Gentamicins/administration & dosage/*poisoning
;
Guinea Pigs
;
Injections, Intraperitoneal
;
Netilmicin/administration & dosage/*poisoning
;
Streptomycin/administration & dosage/*poisoning
;
Tympanic Membrane
;
Vestibule/*drug effects
3.Protective effects of bismuth nitrate against the nephrotoxicity of mercuric chloride and gentamicin.
Hae Young CHUNG ; Jong Deog KIM ; Jeong Sun KIM ; Pil Sun KIM ; Han Suk YOUNG ; Yung Jae RHO ; Suk Soo SUH
Korean Journal of Nephrology 1991;10(1):49-53
No abstract available.
Bismuth*
;
Gentamicins*
;
Mercuric Chloride*
4.Early detection of gentamicin nephrotoxicity using urinary beta2-microglobulin in neonates.
Journal of the Korean Pediatric Society 1991;34(7):940-948
No abstract available.
Gentamicins*
;
Humans
;
Infant, Newborn*
5.The Comparison of Clinical Efficacy and Side Effects of Once Daily Versus Divided Doses of Gentamicin in Acute Pyelonephritis.
Yang Ree KIM ; Kwang Yong SUNG ; Chi Won SONG ; Woo Seung SHIN ; Eun Ju CHO ; Jung Hyoun CHOI ; Moon Won KANG
Korean Journal of Infectious Diseases 1997;29(2):133-138
BACKGROUND: Once daily dose of aminoglycoside has been used recently in the gram-negative infection for the purpose of improving efficacy. The clinical efficacy and side effects of once daily versus divided doses of gentamicin were compared in acute pyelonephritis. METHOD: Gentamicin (3-5mg/kg/day) was administered into 3 divided doses intravenously in 15 patients of the divided dose group, and the same dose was administered at a time in 19 patients of the once daily dose group. The duration of treatment was 6-14 days. RESULTS: The clinical outcome of all patients was favorable, and nephrotoxicity or ototoxicity was not detected in any patients. E. coli were isolated from 12 patients in the divided dose group, and 15 patients in the once daily dose group. They were all eradicated after treatment. The mean peak serum concentrations of gentamicin were 5.33+/-1.99;g/mL in the divided dose group, and 14.79+/-5.71g/mL in the once daily dose group. The trough concentrations were not different significantly between two groups(0.69+/-0.58;g/mL in the divided dose group vs. 0.35+/-0.45g/mL in the once daily dose group). The number of patients with peak concentration over 5.0g/mL was 8 out of 15 in the divided dose group. CONCLUSION: The once daily dose of gentamicin was as effective as the divided dose, and the nephrotoxicity or ototoxicity was not observed in both groups.
Gentamicins*
;
Humans
;
Pyelonephritis*
6.Frequency of Resistance to Aminog lycoside Antibiotics in Staphy lococcus aureus Isolated from Tertiary Hospitals.
Hong Bin KIM ; Thoma KIM ; Bo Bin LEE ; Ui Seok KIM ; Sang Won PARK ; Jong Wook SHIN ; Myoung Don OH ; Eui Chong KIM ; Yeong Seon LEE ; Bong Su KIM ; Kang Won CHOE
Korean Journal of Infectious Diseases 2002;34(1):39-46
BACKGROUND: Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most important pathogens, causing severe morbidity and fatal infections. To date rapid evolution of antibiotic resistance in S. aureus, including recent emergence of vancomycin-resistant S. aureus (VRSA), has been a serious concern and an obstacle to the effective treatment. The purpose of this study is to update the resistance patterns against aminoglycoside antibiotics which play an important role in the therapy of serious staphylococcal infections. METHODS: Clinical isolates were collected from 8 university-affiliated hospitals during the period of June 1999 to January 2001. Susceptibility tests against 9 antibiotics were performed by disk diffusion method. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of arbekacin against non-susceptible strains were determined by microbroth dilution method RESULTS: Among total 682 isolates exclusive of consecutive ones from the same patients, 199 (29%) were from pus, 152 (22%) from respiratory specimens, 137 (20%) from blood, 38 (6%) from urine. Of 682 isolates, 588 (87%) isolates were resistant to at least one of the aminoglycosides tested. Overall prevalence of MRSA was 64% (439/682), and resistance rates of MRSA were summarized as follows; kanamycin (KM) 98%, tobramycin (TOB) 98%, gentamicin (GM) 95%, amikacin (AMK) 90%, neomycin (NEO) 63%, streptomycin (SM) 31%, netilmicin (NET) 18%, arbekacin (ABK) 13%. MRSA isolates were resistant to multiple aminoglycosides, and 88% of them were resistant to all four aminoglycosides of KM, TOB, GM, and AMK. MICs of ABK against 58 non-susceptible strains ranged from 2 to 128 microgram/mL. CONCLUSION: More than 90% of MRSA isolates were resistant against kanamycin, tobramycin, gentamicin, and amikacin. Moreover, most of MRSA isolates were multi-drug resistant to all these four aminoglycosides. Resistance rates against arbekacin and netilmicin were less than 20%. Arbekacin was the most susceptible antibiotic of the aminoglycosides tested.
Amikacin
;
Aminoglycosides
;
Anti-Bacterial Agents*
;
Diffusion
;
Drug Resistance, Microbial
;
Gentamicins
;
Humans
;
Kanamycin
;
Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus
;
Microbial Sensitivity Tests
;
Neomycin
;
Netilmicin
;
Prevalence
;
Staphylococcal Infections
;
Staphylococcus aureus
;
Streptomycin
;
Suppuration
;
Tertiary Care Centers*
;
Tobramycin
7.The Trend of Species and Microbial Susceptibility of Bacteria Isolated from the Anophthalmic Socket and Fellow Normal Conjunctiva.
Journal of the Korean Ophthalmological Society 1999;40(8):2074-2086
In 189 consecutive non-inflamed anophthalmic patients wearing uniocular prosthesis, the conjunctival flora was evaluated and compared to that of the opposite healthy eye. And this results were compared with that of department of clinical pathology studied from January 1997 to July 1998. The incidence of bacterial isolation on the anophthalmic side (63.5%) was significantly higher than that on the healthy side (28.0%). Especially, the incidence of potential pathogenic bacterial isolation. (S.aureus, streptococci spp. and gram-negative bacilli grouped together) on the anophthalmic side (42.3%) was very significantly higher (p<0.001) than that on the healthy side (6.9%).The antimicrobial susceptibility to ciprofloxacin was high (>90%) in all bacterial isolate from the both anophthalmic socket and fellow normal conjunctiva. The bacteria isolated from the anophthalmic socket and fellow normal conjunctiva were similarly sensitive to vancomycin,clindamycin, gentamicin, imipenem, tobramycin, amikacin, netilmicin, colistin and were resistant to penicillin, ampicillin and tetracycline. No significant difference in the anophthalmic conjunctival flora between our study and the previous report but the antimicrobial susceptibility to clindamycin in coagulase-negative staphlyococcus (CNS) and S.aureus from the anophthalmic socket is higher than that of the previous report. The antimicrobial susceptibility to erythromycin in gram-positive bacteria except coagulase-negative staphlyococcus (CNS) and S.aureus from the anophthalmic socket is lower than that of the previous report. The species isolated from our study were more sensitive to the majority of antimicrobial agents than that of the microbial laboratory report. But,the antimicrobial susceptibilities of our study to chloramphenicol and colistin were very significantly lower than that of the microbial laboratory report (p<0.001).
Amikacin
;
Ampicillin
;
Anti-Infective Agents
;
Bacteria*
;
Chloramphenicol
;
Ciprofloxacin
;
Clindamycin
;
Colistin
;
Conjunctiva*
;
Erythromycin
;
Eye, Artificial
;
Gentamicins
;
Gram-Positive Bacteria
;
Humans
;
Imipenem
;
Incidence
;
Netilmicin
;
Pathology, Clinical
;
Penicillins
;
Prostheses and Implants
;
Tetracycline
;
Tobramycin
8.Distribution of Genes Encoding Aminoglycoside Modifying Enzymes and Type Staphylococcal Chromosomal Cassette mec in Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus from Non-tertiary Hospitals.
Young Hee JUNG ; Kwang Wook KIM ; Jeong Ok CHA ; Kyeong Min LEE ; Jae Il YOO ; Jeong Sik YOO ; Bong Su KIM ; Young Ju OH ; Hye Ryoung YOON ; Yeong Seon LEE
Infection and Chemotherapy 2008;40(1):32-39
BACKGROUND: Many genes encoding aminoglycoside modifying enzymes (AMEs) on transposon or plasmid were transferred from one strain to another strain and inserted into a staphylococcal chromosomal cassette mec (SCCmec). There are very diverse subtypes in SCCmec type to the insertion of resistant genes. Therefore, we researched the resistance rates of antibiotics and distribution of AME genes according to SCCmec type in MRSA strains. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We isolated 640 Staphylococcus aureus from non-tertiary hospitals in 2004, detected mecA, aac(6')-aph(2"), aph(3')-IIIa, and ant(4')-Ia using the multiplex PCR method, tested antibacterial susceptibility disk diffusion and minimal inhibitory concentration, and determined SCCmec type. RESULTS: Of 640 S. aureus isolates, MRSA rate was 39.7% and all MRSA isolates carried mecA gene. Among 214 MRSA selected, aminoglycoside-resistant rates were 98.1% in kanamycin and tobramycin, 68.7% in gentamicin, 30.8% in amikacin, and 2.8% in netilmicin. The detection rates for aac(6')-aph(2"), aph(3')-IIIa, and ant(4')-Ia were 77.1%, 13.1%, and 53.3%, respectively. Also, SCCmec type was 50.9% in SCCmec type II, 16.4% in type III, and 32.7% in type IV. The genes encoding AMEs were distributed aac(6')-aph(2") (49.5%) and aac(6')-aph(2")/ant(4')-Ia (36.7%) in SCCmec type II, aph(3')-IIIa/aac(6')-aph(2") (60%) and aac(6')-aph(2") (31.4%) in type III, and aac(6')-aph(2")/ant(4')-Ia (41.4%) and ant(4')-Ia (50%) in type IV. CONCLUSION: 39.7% of S. aureus isolated from non-tertiary hospitals was resistant to methicillin. More than 90% of MRSA isolates were detected aac(6')-aph(2") in SCCmec type II and III, and ant(4')-Ia in type IV. With these results, the genes encoding AMEs may be closed related to SCCmec type.
Adenosine
;
Amikacin
;
Amphotericin B
;
Anti-Bacterial Agents
;
Diffusion
;
Gentamicins
;
Kanamycin
;
Kanamycin Kinase
;
Methicillin
;
Methicillin Resistance
;
Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus
;
Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction
;
Netilmicin
;
Plasmids
;
Sprains and Strains
;
Staphylococcus aureus
;
Tobramycin
9.Distribution of Genes Encoding Aminoglycoside Modifying Enzymes and Type Staphylococcal Chromosomal Cassette mec in Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus from Non-tertiary Hospitals.
Young Hee JUNG ; Kwang Wook KIM ; Jeong Ok CHA ; Kyeong Min LEE ; Jae Il YOO ; Jeong Sik YOO ; Bong Su KIM ; Young Ju OH ; Hye Ryoung YOON ; Yeong Seon LEE
Infection and Chemotherapy 2008;40(1):32-39
BACKGROUND: Many genes encoding aminoglycoside modifying enzymes (AMEs) on transposon or plasmid were transferred from one strain to another strain and inserted into a staphylococcal chromosomal cassette mec (SCCmec). There are very diverse subtypes in SCCmec type to the insertion of resistant genes. Therefore, we researched the resistance rates of antibiotics and distribution of AME genes according to SCCmec type in MRSA strains. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We isolated 640 Staphylococcus aureus from non-tertiary hospitals in 2004, detected mecA, aac(6')-aph(2"), aph(3')-IIIa, and ant(4')-Ia using the multiplex PCR method, tested antibacterial susceptibility disk diffusion and minimal inhibitory concentration, and determined SCCmec type. RESULTS: Of 640 S. aureus isolates, MRSA rate was 39.7% and all MRSA isolates carried mecA gene. Among 214 MRSA selected, aminoglycoside-resistant rates were 98.1% in kanamycin and tobramycin, 68.7% in gentamicin, 30.8% in amikacin, and 2.8% in netilmicin. The detection rates for aac(6')-aph(2"), aph(3')-IIIa, and ant(4')-Ia were 77.1%, 13.1%, and 53.3%, respectively. Also, SCCmec type was 50.9% in SCCmec type II, 16.4% in type III, and 32.7% in type IV. The genes encoding AMEs were distributed aac(6')-aph(2") (49.5%) and aac(6')-aph(2")/ant(4')-Ia (36.7%) in SCCmec type II, aph(3')-IIIa/aac(6')-aph(2") (60%) and aac(6')-aph(2") (31.4%) in type III, and aac(6')-aph(2")/ant(4')-Ia (41.4%) and ant(4')-Ia (50%) in type IV. CONCLUSION: 39.7% of S. aureus isolated from non-tertiary hospitals was resistant to methicillin. More than 90% of MRSA isolates were detected aac(6')-aph(2") in SCCmec type II and III, and ant(4')-Ia in type IV. With these results, the genes encoding AMEs may be closed related to SCCmec type.
Adenosine
;
Amikacin
;
Amphotericin B
;
Anti-Bacterial Agents
;
Diffusion
;
Gentamicins
;
Kanamycin
;
Kanamycin Kinase
;
Methicillin
;
Methicillin Resistance
;
Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus
;
Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction
;
Netilmicin
;
Plasmids
;
Sprains and Strains
;
Staphylococcus aureus
;
Tobramycin
10.Clearance of Intravitreal Gentamicin.
Wook AHN ; Kyung Eun SONG ; Si Yeol KIM ; Jung Yoon KWON ; Sang Ha KIM
Journal of the Korean Ophthalmological Society 1992;33(4):342-348
Bacterial endophthalmitis is a very difficult ophthalmic disease to treat because of the consistently poor results with conventional therapy. lntravitreal injection of antibiotics is increasingly gaining the acceptance as a method of producing high vitreal concentrations that may be useful in the treatment of bacterial endophthalmitis. The author performed this experiment to determine the clerance rare of intravitreal gentamicin in the rabbit eyes. We observed the clearance of gentamicin in phakic and aphakic rabbit eyes into which 20 micro gram/0.1 ml of gentamicin was injected. In phakic eyes, about 52% of gentamicin was cleared at 24 hours after injection. In aphakic eyes with intact posterior capsule, 64% of gentamicin was cleared at 24 hours after injection. In aphakic eyes with incised posterior capsule, the clearance rate at 24 hours after injection was about 70%. Intravitreal gentamicin was cleared more rapidly from the aphakic eyes than from that of phakic eyes.
Anti-Bacterial Agents
;
Endophthalmitis
;
Gentamicins*