Uniparental disomy (UPD) refers to a chromosome defect that an individual's homologous chromosome or segments are inherited from one parent. UPD can cause either aberrant patterns of genomic imprinting or homozygosity of mutations, leading to various diseases, including cancer. The mechanisms of UPD formation are diverse but largely due to the incorrect chromosome separation during cell division. UPD does not alter the number of gene copies, thus is difficult to be detected by conventional cytogenetic techniques effectively. Assisted by the new techniques such as single nucleotide polymorphism arrays, more and more UPD-related cases have been reported recently. UPD events are non-randomly distributed across cancer types, which play important role in the occurrence, development and metastasis of cancer. Here we review the research progress on the formation mechanisms, detection methods, the involved chromosomal regions and genes, and clinical significance of UPD; and also discuss the directions for future studies in this field.
Genomic Imprinting ; Humans ; Neoplasms ; genetics ; Research ; trends ; Uniparental Disomy

The overall prevalence of uniparental disomy (UPD) across all chromosomes was estimated to be around one birth in 2000. To date, more than 4170 UPD cases have been registered. UPD for chromosomes 6, 7, 11, 14, 15, and 20 can result in clinically recognizable imprinting disorders due to abnormal levels of imprinted gene expression. For other chromosomes, the clinical consequences associated with UPD are not apparent, unless when a recessive genetic disorder is unmasked by UPD or regions of homozygosity (ROH). A clinical practice guideline will assist in strengthening the precise analysis and interpretation of the clinical significance of ROH/UPD. This guideline summarizes the conception, mechanism and clinical consequences of ROH/UPD, as well as the principles for data analysis, with an aim to standardize the clinical application and data interpretation.
Gene Expression ; Genomic Imprinting ; Homozygote ; Humans ; Uniparental Disomy/genetics*

To explore whether the imprinting status of IGF-2 in the malignant epithelial ovarian tumors is different from that in benign tumors, the target sequences (DNA and RNA) which contain a polymorphism site for ApaI restriction endonuclease digestion were amplified with PCR and RT-PCR methods. Then the PCR/RT-PCR products were digested by ApaI. The IGF-2 transcriptional pattern came out from the results of endonucleases digestion. Among the 36 cases of benign epithelial ovarian tumors, 20 were heterozygous for ApaI locus and all showed genomic imprinting. While in the malignant group, 22 were heterozygous for ApaI locus but six were found to lose imprinting. Significant differences existed between the two groups (P < 0.05). Loss of imprinting of IGF-2 may serve as a marker for differentiating the malignant ovarian cancers from the benign ones. In a new field of molecular genetics, our research provides an experimental basis for genetic diagnosis and treatment of the ovarian cancers.
Cystadenocarcinoma, Serous/*genetics ; Cystadenoma/genetics ; *Genomic Imprinting ; Insulin-Like Growth Factor II/*genetics ; Ovarian Neoplasms/*genetics

Erasure, establishment and maintenance of genetic imprinting are indispensable for normal embryonic development. All these processes depend on accurate expression and intimate cooperation of kinds of DNA methyltransferases. Many genetic syndromes and embryo developmental anomalies are caused by abnormality of genetic imprinting. Genetic imprinting is important for the nucleus totipotential of primordial germ cell, maturation of gamete,growth and development of embryo, structure and function of placenta as well as postnatal growth and development of individuals.
Animals ; DNA Methylation ; DNA Modification Methylases ; genetics ; metabolism ; Embryonic Development ; genetics ; Genomic Imprinting ; genetics ; Humans ; Mutation

Despite recent successes in cloning various mammals and amphibians, the low efficiency of animals production and abnormal symptoms in many cloned animals are crucial problems in cloning technology. To overcome these problems, scientists focus on mechanisms of cloning. A possible cause of the low success frequency of cloning is the insufficient dedifferentiation and the inadequate reprogramming of the high differentiated adult somatic nucleus in enucleated oocytes, which caused by incomplete methylation and premature de novo remethylation of donor DNA. In cloned embryos the methylation level is higher than normal embryos, and this may cause aberrant expression of several important genes, especially imprinting genes. Study on these mechanisms is very important to improve the rate of successful cloned animals.
Animals ; Cloning, Organism ; DNA Methylation ; genetics ; physiology ; Epigenesis, Genetic ; genetics ; physiology ; Genomic Imprinting ; genetics ; physiology ; Humans

The connection between male infertility and abnormal methylation of imprinted genes has attracted much attention. Some imprinted genes, e.g., H19, MEG3, MEST and SNRPN, are known to be related with male infertility. Abnormal imprinted information may influence sperm concentration, motility and morphology, but the mechanism is still unclear. Sperm genomic imprinting reconstruction and erase respectively occur at the time of spermatogenesis and before embryo transfer. Many studies have shown that the probability of imprinting disorder syndrome of offspring born through assisted reproductive technology (ART) was significantly higher, leading to the worry about the safety of ART and speculation that the operation and in vitro environment may affect sperm imprinted information, which in turn may lead to imprinting diseases in the offspring. However, above connection still lacks convincing evidence. This paper has conducted a literature review of recent literature and explored the impact of abnormal methylation of imprinted genes on male fertility and the offspring.
Genomic Imprinting ; Humans ; Infertility, Male ; genetics ; Male ; Proteins ; genetics ; RNA, Long Noncoding ; genetics ; Reproductive Techniques, Assisted

OBJECTIVETo establish and improve the method of bisulfite sequencing for methylation status of imprinted genes in single human oocytes.

METHODSSingle superovulated immature human oocyte was embedded into low melting point agarose, followed by bisulfite treatment and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of the H19 and MEST genes. The PCR products were then subjected to TA cloning and sequencing to determine the methylation status.

RESULTSWith the modified methods of embedding and bisulfite treatment, we achieved a high PCR success rate of 82.46%, with the somatic cell contamination rate as low as 7.14%. The sequencing results showed no non-CpG cytosine and exact conformity to the theoretical sequences.

CONCLUSIONThe bisulfite sequencing method we used to determine the methylation status of imprinted genes at the single-cell level was highly efficient and reliable, which can serve as a foundation for the further study of the influences of human assisted reproductive technology on genomic imprinting.

DNA Methylation ; Female ; Genomic Imprinting ; genetics ; Humans ; Oocytes ; metabolism ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; methods

OBJECTIVETo construct a plasmid expressing human imprinted gene PEG10 and to study the effect of overexpression of PEG10 in a stable transfected human normal liver cell line L02 and in non-liver derived cell line 293.

METHODSFull length cDNA of PEG10 open reading frame 1 was amplified and subcloned into a mammalian expression vector pcDNA3.1hisC. Recombinant plasmid was stably transfected into L02 cells and control cells via Lipofectamine 2000. The expression and the function of PEG10 in L02 cells and control group cells were examined using RT-PCR, Western blot, MTT and TUNEL.

RESULTSRecombinant plasmid was successfully constructed and confirmed through DNA sequencing and restriction digesting. PEG10 gene accelerated the growth of L02 cells and inhibited their apoptosis but it had no conspicuous effect on the non-liver derived cells.

CONCLUSIONThe constructed expressing vector pcDNA3.1hisC-PEG10 provides a useful tool for further study on the effects and mechanisms of PEG10. Over-expression of PEG10 may promote L02 cells' proliferation and inhibit their apoptosis, but not in the non-liver derived cell line 293.

Cell Line ; Gene Expression ; Genetic Vectors ; Genomic Imprinting ; Humans ; Plasmids ; Proteins ; genetics ; Transfection

Parental imprinting is an epigenetic process leading to monoallelic expression of certain genes depending on their parental origin. Imprinting diseases are characterized by growth and metabolic issues starting from birth to adulthood. They are mainly due to methylation defects in imprinting control region that drive the abnormal expression of imprinted genes. We currently lack relevant animal or cellular models to unravel the pathophysiology of growth failure in these diseases. We aimed to characterize the methylation of imprinting regions in dental pulp stem cells and during their differentiation in osteogenic cells (involved in growth regulation) to assess the interest of this cells in modeling imprinting diseases. We collected dental pulp stem cells from five controls and four patients (three with Silver-Russell syndrome and one with Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome). Methylation analysis of imprinting control regions involved in these syndromes showed a normal profile in controls and the imprinting defect in patients. These results were maintained in dental pulp stem cells cultured under osteogenic conditions. Furthermore, we confirmed the same pattern in six other loci involved in imprinting diseases in humans. We also confirmed monoallelic expression of H19 (an imprinted gene) in controls and its biallelic expression in one patient. Extensive imprinting control regions methylation analysis shows the strong potential of dental pulp stem cells in modeling imprinting diseases, in which imprinting regions are preserved in culture and during osteogenic differentiation. This will allow to perform in vitro functional and therapeutic tests in cells derived from dental pulp stem cells and generate other cell-types.
Adult ; Animals ; DNA Methylation ; Dental Pulp ; Genomic Imprinting ; Humans ; Osteogenesis/genetics* ; Stem Cells

To explore whether the imprinting status of IGF-2 in the malignant epithelial ovarian tumors is different from that in benign tumors, the target sequences (DNA and RNA) which contain a polymorphism site for ApaI restriction endonuclease digestion were amplified with PCR and RT-PCR methods. Then the PCR/RT-PCR products were digested by ApaI. The IGF-2 transcriptional pattern came out from the results of endonucleases digestion. Among the 36 cases of benign epithelial ovarian tumors, 20 were heterozygous for ApaI locus and all showed genomic imprinting. While in the malignant group, 22 were heterozygous for ApaI locus but six were found to lose imprinting. Significant differences existed between the two groups (P < 0.05). Loss of imprinting of IGF-2 may serve as a marker for differentiating the malignant ovarian cancers from the benign ones. In a new field of molecular genetics, our research provides an experimental basis for genetic diagnosis and treatment of the ovarian cancers.
Cystadenocarcinoma, Serous ; genetics ; Cystadenoma ; genetics ; Female ; Genomic Imprinting ; Humans ; Insulin-Like Growth Factor II ; genetics ; Ovarian Neoplasms ; genetics