Objective To explore the effect of humidification of oxygen delivered by nasal cannula on the respiratory symptoms. Method A total of 540 patients receiving low-to-mid flow oxygen therapy (<4L/min) by nasal cannula for more than 12 hours were assigned to receive humidified (n=235) or dry (n=305)oxygen. While 226 patients receiving a low-to-mid flow oxygen therapy for more than 24 hours received humidified or dry oxygen respectively. The patients' respiratory symptoms were observed and recorded. Results Dryness over naso-pharyngeal region was the only symptom reported by patients in this study. There was no significant difference on the rate of dryness over naso-pharyngeal region between patients receiving humidified oxygen and patients receiving dry oxygen (P>0.05) either in the same patients when receiving dry and humidified oxygen (P>0.05). Conclusion Routine humidification is not necessary in low-to-mid flow oxygen therapy by nasal cannula.

Objective To discuss influence of the humidification or non-humidification on oxygen humidity during low-mid volume oxygen inhalation through nasal cannula.Methods A total of 160 patients with low-mid volume oxygen inhalation through nasal cannula for≥12 hours were randomly assigned to the humidified group and the un-humidified group with 80 patients in each.Recording the chases of oxygen humidity from the humidifying bottles.at the same time the indoor air humidity was also observed.Influence of the humidification or non-humidification on oxygen humidity during low-mid volume oxygen inhalation through nasal cannula was observed.Results There was not significant difference in oxygen humidity between the two groups.Conclusions Routine humidifying is not necessary in low-mid volume oxygen inhalation through nasal cannula.

Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) poses a severe threat to the poultry industry and causes heavy economic losses worldwide. Vaccination is the most effective method of preventing infection and controlling the spread of IBV, but currently available inactivated and attenuated virus vaccines have some disadvantages. We developed a chimeric virus-like particle (VLP)-based candidate vaccine for IBV protection. The chimeric VLP was composed of matrix 1 protein from avian influenza H5N1 virus and a fusion protein neuraminidase (NA)/spike 1 (S1) that was generated by fusing IBV S1 protein to the cytoplasmic and transmembrane domains of NA protein of avian influenza H5N1 virus. The chimeric VLPs elicited significantly higher S1-specific antibody responses in intramuscularly immunized mice and chickens than inactivated IBV viruses. Furthermore, the chimeric VLPs induced significantly higher neutralization antibody levels than inactivated H120 virus in SPF chickens. Finally, the chimeric VLPs induced significantly higher IL-4 production in mice. These results demonstrate that chimeric VLPs have the potential for use in vaccines against IBV infection.
Animals ; Antibodies, Viral/blood ; *Chickens ; Chimera/genetics/immunology ; Coronavirus Infections/prevention & control/*veterinary/virology ; Female ; *Immunity, Innate ; Infectious bronchitis virus/genetics/*immunology ; Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/genetics/immunology ; Injections, Intramuscular/veterinary ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred BALB C ; Neuraminidase/genetics ; Poultry Diseases/*prevention & control/virology ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/genetics/immunology ; Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/genetics/*immunology ; Vaccines, Synthetic/administration & dosage/genetics/immunology ; Vaccines, Virus-Like Particle/administration & dosage/genetics/*immunology ; Viral Proteins/genetics

Objective:To understand the clinical characteristics of empyema caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae in children. Methods:The clinical manifestations, imaging characteristics, treatment and prognosis of 49 children with pneumococcal empyema admitted to Beijing Children′s Hospital, Capital Medical University from March 2007 to February 2018 were retrospectively analyzed.Results:Among the 49 children, 26 were male and 23 were female, with a median age of 2.63 years old.All the cases had cough and fever, 46 cases of them had high fever, 2 cases had moderate fever and 1 case had ultrahyperpyrexia.The course of disease before admission was 2-90 days, with a median of 10 days.All cases had toxic symptoms and signs of pleural effusion; 26 patients had dyspnea; 23 patients had moist rales, while 8 cases of whom had wheezing sounds.Eleven cases had extrapulmonary complications, including purulent meningitis in 6 cases, purulent pericarditis 1 case, 2 cases of hemophagocytic syndrome and hemolytic uremic syndrome respectively.The medians of leukocytes in the whole blood, white blood cells in pleural effusion and multinuclear cell percentage were 26.97×10 9/L, 32×10 9/L and 0.85, respectively.The average C-reactive protein (CRP) was 177.79 mg/L.The drug sensitivity test of Streptococcus pneumoniae showed that 68.89% strains were insensitive to Penicillin and all strains were resistant against Erythromycin.Chest image showed bilateral consolidation in 32 cases and pneumothorax in 31 cases.Besides antimicrobial therapy, 34 patients were treated with chest drainage, and 7 cases underwent surgery.Ten of the 49 cases were treated with nasal continuous positive airway pressure, tracheal intubated was used in 6 cases, and 1 case was given cardiopulmonary resuscitation.Forty-five cases discharged with improvement, 3 cases were not cured and 1 case died. Conclusions:Pneumococcal empyema is more common in children under 5 years old.Children with pneumococcal empyema usually have poor mental status, high fever, cough accompanied by dyspnea, high peripheral white blood cells and CRP.Their radiographic findings are usually serious, and the insensitive rate to Penicillin is high.The main treatment is anti-infection therapy and closed thoracic drainage.The prognosis of most patients is good, but there are still dead cases.