A gynecological study on 548 married women at reproductive ages living in Tien Phuoc district, Quang Nam province showed that: among them 207 women had infections of the lower congenital-urinary tract (37.77%). Pathogenic agents: 99.52% of the cases were a single agent with such as bacteria 70.53%, Candida albicans 25.12%; Trichomonas vaginalis 3.86%. There was one case of infection caused by two different agents, bacteria and Candida albicans. There were 117 cases (56.53%) with clinical lesions including: 30.91% cervicitis with glandular epithelial eversion, 21.26% purely cervicitis, 36.68% of the women had abnormal leukorrhea of which 21.90% was pus-like leukorrhea.
Genital Diseases, Female ; Epidemiology ; Women

A cross-sectional survey on present sample of married women in child-bearing age at Huong Long commune, Hue city. The results: Prevalence of lower genital tract infection were 21.37% (95%CI: 16.67% - 26.93%). Having close relation of lower genital tract infection and some factors such as educational level, knowledge of gynecological disease, safe sex practice, birth time numbers, using of domestic water, numbers generation living to gather one family. There are no find the relation of lower genital tract infection and some factors such as: age, occupation, the economic level of family, history of abortion, menstruation regulation, personal hygiene behaviors
Genital Diseases, Female ; Spouses ; Women ; epidemiology

The study was conducted on 500 menopausal women in Hoankiem and Socson districts, representing for urban and non-urban areas of Hanoi. The results show: the average menopausal age is 48.7  3.2. Urban women experienced earlier menstruation but later menopause versus non-urban women. In menopause, there is vasomotor disturbance, with sign of dry and painful intercourse. Common gynecological diseases are vaginal and cervical infections (common cause is Gardnerell vaginalis infection), genital collapse (10%)
Menopause ; women ; diagnosis ; epidemiology ; Genital Diseases, Female

No abstract available.
Anthropology, Cultural ; Female ; Genital Diseases, Female/epidemiology* ; Genital Diseases, Female/etiology ; Genital Diseases, Female/therapy ; Human ; Korea ; Medicine, Traditional*

BACKGROUNDNo national research on maternal and fetal complications and outcomes has been carried out in the mainland of China in recent years. This study was to provide a scientific basis for better control of obstetrical and neonatal diseases and better allocation of medical resources by analyzing the epidemiological characteristics of obstetrical diseases in the mainland of China.

METHODSHospitalized obstetrical cases from 19 tertiary and 20 secondary hospitals in 14 provinces (nationally representative) during the period January 1, 2011 to December 31, 2011 were randomly selected. The general condition, pregnancy complications, and perinatal outcomes of the patients were studied.

RESULTSThe top five medical and surgical complications of pregnant women in the mainland of China were anemia (6.34%), uterine fibroids (2.69%), thyroid disease (1.11%), thrombocytopenia (0.59%), and heart disease (0.59%). The incidences of premature rupture of membranes (PROM), preterm birth, prolonged pregnancy, hypertensive disorders complicating pregnancy (HDCP), multiple pregnancy, intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy (ICP), placenta previa, placental abruption, postpartum hemorrhage, and amniotic fluid embolism were 15.27%, 7.04%, 6.71%, 5.35%, 1.57%, 1.22%, 1.14%, 0.54%, 3.26% and 0.06%, respectively. The incidences of anemia and prolonged pregnancy were significantly lower in tertiary than secondary hospitals (P < 0.001), whereas the incidence of uterine fibroids, thyroid diseases, thrombocytopenia, heart disease, PROM, preterm birth, HDCP, multiple pregnancy, ICP, placenta previa, and placental abruption were significantly higher in tertiary than secondary hospitals (P < 0.001). The cesarean section (CS) rate was 54.77%. The newborn sex ratio was 119:100, and 1.03% of the neonates were malformed. The percentages of low birth weight and fetal macrosomia in full-term babies were 2.10% and 7.09%, respectively.

CONCLUSIONSThe incidence of some obstetrical diseases is still high in the mainland of China. The CS rate is much higher than World Health Organization recommendations, in which CS delivery by maternal request (CDMR) accounted for a large proportion. The government should propose solutions to reduce CS rate, especially the rate of CDMR. Most obstetrical complications have higher incidence in tertiary hospitals compared with secondary hospitals. It is important to manage the health of pregnant women systematically, especially those with high-risk factors.

China ; epidemiology ; Female ; Genital Diseases, Female ; epidemiology ; Humans ; Infant, Newborn ; Infant, Newborn, Diseases ; epidemiology ; Pregnancy ; Pregnancy Complications ; epidemiology

OBJECTIVETo investigate the reproductive track infection (RTI) situation and risk factors for cervical infection (Neisseria gonorrhoeae or Chlamydia trachomatis) among different kinds of women of childbearing age in Shenzhen city, China. To assess the feasibility of the syndromic approach for vaginal discharge.

METHODSThe survey was administrated to 4,744 eligible women in Shenzhen city during October 2001 and April 2002. The subjects included three different kinds of population: 3,895 cases of general population, 438 STD/gynecological clinic outpatients and 411 people with high risk behavior. Gynaecologic examination and RTI laboratory diagnosis were performed for each subject. PCR method-based test was used to detect the Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis infection. Standardized questionnaire were designed to collect the information about RTI related behaviors, and history of marriage and child bearing, et al. The risk factors, symptoms and signs of cervical infection were analyzed. Syndromic approach was established and its feasibility was assessed.

RESULTS27.6% of women in Shenzhen were infected with at least one kind of RTI, including 5.0% with cervical infection. The risk factors for cervical infection were: individuals having had new sex partner within last 3 months (OR = 1.6, 95% CI: 1.1 - 2.4), having had the experience of abortion (OR = 1.6, 95% CI: 1.1 - 2.4), aged 25 or less (OR = 1.6, 95% CI: 1.1 - 2.4) and never using condom during sex intercourse (OR = 1.7, 95% CI: 1.1 - 2.4). The sensitivity of syndromic approach of risk assessment and signs for cervical infection among general population was 63.8%, while specificity was 55.1% with the positive predictive value 7.0%.

CONCLUSIONSRTI infection was common among all three kinds of childbearing women in Shenzhen city. The prevalence of RTI was the highest among high risk population, followed by STD/gynecological clinic outpatients. The efficacy of syndromic approach for cervical infection in general population was not ideal.

China ; epidemiology ; Female ; Genital Diseases, Female ; epidemiology ; etiology ; Humans ; Risk Assessment ; Risk Factors ; Uterine Cervical Diseases ; epidemiology ; Vaginal Discharge ; epidemiology ; etiology

OBJECTIVETo understand the condition of lower genital tract infectious diseases among women in part of Beijing area including countryside population, nomadic population, high-risk group and medical workers.

METHODSEpidemiological methods were applied to investigate the condition of lower genital infectious diseases. General data were recorded in a questionnaire and several examinations of lower genital infectious disease were given to each person. The data was analyzed by statistics method.

RESULTSThe morbidity of Chlamydia was the highest in the lower genital tract infectious diseases in our research. Morbidity of infusorians in person with the habit of tub bath was much higher than person with shower habit. Compared with the other three groups, out-patients of Peking University First Hospital have the highest morbidity of Chlamydia.

CONCLUSIONChlamydia has the highest morbidity in this research (12.6%), and tub bath may increase the morbidity of infusorians (P=0.02, P less than 0.05).

Adult ; China ; epidemiology ; Communicable Diseases ; epidemiology ; microbiology ; parasitology ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Female ; Genital Diseases, Female ; epidemiology ; microbiology ; parasitology ; Gonorrhea ; epidemiology ; microbiology ; Humans ; Middle Aged ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Trichomonas Vaginitis ; epidemiology ; parasitology ; Vaginosis, Bacterial ; epidemiology ; microbiology ; Young Adult

OBJECTIVETo study and compare the pathogenicity and pathogenic condition of Ureaplasma urealyticum (Uu) and Mycoplasma homonis (Mh) between healthy women and women with gential tract inflammation.

METHODSTo collect the gential tract secretion in the two groups and detect the infectious ratio and color change unit ( CCU) concentration. Together with data gathered from questionnaires, we studied the mycoplasma infectious status between the two kinds of people.

RESULTSThe positive rate was 76. 1 % in women with gential inflammation, higher than in healthy women whose positive rate was 42.2% (chi(2) = 45.1862, P< 0.0001). Mixed infection of Uu and Mh was popular in infected women. Healthy women were easier to be infected by Uu or Mh( Uu, Uu + Mh: X(2) = 39.5956, P< 0.0001; Mh,Uu + Mh: X(2)= 13.2935, P= 0.0003). The result of CCU concentration showed the infected concentration in women with gential tract inflammation was higher than healthy women(Uu: Z = 7. 1058, P< 0.0001; Mh: Z= 8.7201, P< 0.0001). Uu and Mh were commonl sensitively in every age.

CONCLUSIONBoth Uu and Mh were conditioned pathogens. The two kinds of mycoplasma had cooperated pathogenic effects which was easily leading to clinical symptom in the high infectious concentration.

Adult ; Aged ; China ; epidemiology ; Female ; Genital Diseases, Female ; epidemiology ; immunology ; microbiology ; Humans ; Middle Aged ; Mycoplasma ; genetics ; isolation & purification ; Mycoplasma Infections ; epidemiology ; microbiology ; Ureaplasma Infections ; epidemiology ; microbiology ; Ureaplasma urealyticum ; genetics ; isolation & purification ; Women's Health ; Young Adult

Objective: To explore the heterogeneity and correlation of clinical phenotypes and genotypes in children with disorders of sex development (DSD). Methods: A retrospective study of 1 235 patients with clinically proposed DSD in 36 pediatric medical institutions across the country from January 2017 to May 2021. After capturing 277 DSD-related candidate genes, second-generation sequencing was performed to analyzed the heterogeneity and correlation combined with clinical phenotypes. Results: Among 1 235 children with clinically proposed DSD, 980 were males and 255 were females of social gender at the time of initial diagnosis with the age ranged from 1 day of age to 17.92 years. A total of 443 children with pathogenic variants were detected through molecular genetic studies, with a positive detection rate of 35.9%. The most common clinical phenotypes were micropenis (455 cases), hypospadias (321 cases), and cryptorchidism (172 cases) and common mutations detected were in SRD5A2 gene (80 cases), AR gene (53 cases) and CYP21A2 gene (44 cases). Among them, the SRD5A2 mutation is the most common in children with simple micropenis and simple hypospadias, while the AMH mutation is the most common in children with simple cryptorchidism. Conclusions: The SRD5A2 mutation is the most common genetic variant in Chinese children with DSD, and micropenis, cryptorchidism, and hypospadias are the most common clinical phenotypes. Molecular diagnosis can provide clues about the biological basis of DSD, and can also guide clinicians to perform specific clinical examinations. Target sequence capture probes and next-generation sequencing technology can provide effective and economical genetic diagnosis for children with DSD.
3-Oxo-5-alpha-Steroid 4-Dehydrogenase/genetics* ; Child ; China/epidemiology* ; Cryptorchidism/genetics* ; Disorders of Sex Development/genetics* ; Female ; Genital Diseases, Male ; Genotype ; Humans ; Hypospadias/genetics* ; Male ; Membrane Proteins/genetics* ; Penis/abnormalities* ; Phenotype ; Retrospective Studies ; Steroid 21-Hydroxylase/genetics*