Nowadays genetic tests are available in a growing number of countries, for an expanding set of conditions. Nonetheless, many Chinese people are still not familiar with the principle, testing types, technologies used in this process, application and benefits to society, and national or international administration of genetic testing. It is essential that this increased use of genetic testing should be accompanied by appropriate oversight. This article has roughly reviewed the proceeding of genetic testing these years, which will help us learn more about the new coming era of human genetics and molecular medical revolutions.
Genetic Predisposition to Disease ; prevention & control ; Genetic Techniques ; trends ; Genetic Testing ; trends ; Humans

Chemical genetics is the science which takes the small molecular compounds as tools to solve the genetics problems or to disturb/adjust normal biological process so as to find out protein functions. Because the small molecules have the diverse chemical characters and the ability to identify the target proteins, they also can be filtrated on the basis of phenotype. So the methods of chemical genetics have been applied in almost all of the researches on biology and medicine. In this paper, the methods to acquire small molecular compounds are introduced. The enormous progress achieved in the field of combinatorial chemistry, which has allowed the rapid production of a large number of chemically diverse molecules, is an important prerequisite to make chemical libraries available to academic researchers. And the applications of the compounds in early embryo development, cell differentiation, on-set and course of disease are discussed, too. The application of small molecules has an enormous impact on our understanding of cell biology. There are many examples where small molecules, in combination with genetic screens, have facilitated the dissection of complex cellular processes.
Combinatorial Chemistry Techniques ; Genetic Techniques ; Genetics ; trends ; Humans ; Molecular Probe Techniques ; Small Molecule Libraries ; chemistry

The study of viruses traditionally focused on their roles as infectious agents and as tools for understanding cell biology. Recently, however, with the development of structural biology, viruses have now been receiving particular attention in nanotechnology. By chemical methods or by gene modification, viruses have been functionalized as potential building blocks for several applications, such as drug/gene delivery vehicles, advanced vaccine vehicles, and special inorganic or organic nanomaterials. Here we highlight some of the recent progresses in the medical applications of viruses.
Biomedical Research ; trends ; Gene Transfer Techniques ; Genetic Therapy ; Nanostructures ; Nanotechnology ; trends ; Vaccines ; Viruses

DNA ; administration & dosage ; Gene Transfer Techniques ; trends ; Genetic Therapy ; methods ; Genetic Vectors ; Humans

Gene therapy, as a therapeutic treatment for genetic or acquired diseases, is attracting much interest in the research community, leading to noteworthy developments over the past two decades. Although this field is still dominated by viral vectors, novel nonviral gene delivery systems based on nanoparticle technology have recently received an ever increasing attention in order to overcome the safety problems of viral vectors as well as the cytotoxicity of conventional nonviral vectors. This review presented the aspects of bionanotechnology involved in the gene delivery process and explored the recent developments and achievements of inorganic nanodelivery systems for gene transfection.
Gene Targeting ; methods ; trends ; Gene Transfer Techniques ; trends ; Genetic Therapy ; trends ; Genetic Vectors ; Humans ; Nanoparticles ; therapeutic use ; Nanotechnology ; methods ; Transfection ; methods

Communicable Diseases ; genetics ; Genetic Diseases, Inborn ; genetics ; Genetic Testing ; Genotype ; Genotyping Techniques ; Humans ; Molecular Diagnostic Techniques ; Precision Medicine ; methods ; trends

Epigenetics is defined as the study of the heritable phenotype change that is not strictly dependent on DNA sequence. It involves DNA methylation, histone modifications, regulations of non-coding RNAs, and so on. Great epigenetic changes take place during the spermatogenesis and fertilization, so it is very important for us to understand the epigenetic messages. This paper provides an overview of the latest researches on epigenetics of male germ cells, and briefly discusses the possible genetic risks of the assisted reproductive technology (ART).
Epigenesis, Genetic ; Humans ; Male ; Reproductive Techniques, Assisted ; adverse effects ; trends ; Spermatozoa ; cytology ; metabolism

Species identification of biological samples is widely used in such fields as forensic science and food industry. A variety of accurate and reliable methods have been developed in recent years. The current review shows common target genes and screening criteria suitable for species identification, and described various DNA-based molecular biology methods about species identification. Additionally, it discusses the future development of species identification combined with real-time PCR and sequencing technologies.
Animals ; DNA/genetics* ; Genetic Techniques/trends* ; Humans ; Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Sequence Analysis, DNA/trends*

RNA interference (RNAi) is applied in the gene therapy of malignant tumors as an effective technique to degrade its homologous mRNA specifically. This technique has been developed quickly in broad prospects. Molecular imaging plays an important role both in gene imaging and in molecular signal transduction. It is used as a direct approach to study the onset and development of disease. The technique of RNAi can be used for preparing molecular probes, for making earlier and specific diagnosis, and for targeted gene therapy of malignant tumors.
Animals ; Genetic Therapy ; Humans ; Molecular Imaging ; methods ; trends ; Molecular Probe Techniques ; Neoplasms ; diagnosis ; genetics ; therapy ; RNA Interference

With the advantage of clear target and little side effect, antibody drug has attracted widely attention of worldwide pharmaceutical companies. However, large scale mammalian cell culture and antibody quality analysis are the bottlenecks of antibody drug industrialization in China. Especially due to the significant effect of cell culture conditions on antibody heterogeneity. Therefore, it is extremely urgent to optimize cell culture conditions to favor the demands of antibody drug development. This review summarized the most recent advances in the effect of cell culture conditions on antibody quality, followed by addressing the key issues that might be strategically important for domestic antibody drug development.
Animals ; Antibodies, Monoclonal ; biosynthesis ; isolation & purification ; Antibody Formation ; Cell Culture Techniques ; methods ; trends ; Genetic Heterogeneity ; Protein Stability ; Quality Control