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Bacteroides fragilis* ; Bacteroides* ; Genetic Structures* ; Neuraminidase*

Amino Acid Sequence ; Genetic Structures ; Genetic Variation ; Genome, Viral ; Molecular Sequence Data ; SARS Virus ; genetics

The giant roundworm Ascaris infects pigs and people worldwide and causes serious diseases. The taxonomic relationship between Ascaris suum and Ascaris lumbricoides is still unclear. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the genetic diversity and population genetic structure of 258 Ascaris specimens from humans and pigs from 6 sympatric regions in Ascaris-endemic regions of China using existing simple sequence repeat data. The microsatellite markers showed a high level of allelic richness and genetic diversity in the samples. Each of the populations demonstrated excess homozygosity (Ho < He, Fis > 0). According to a genetic differentiation index (Fst=0.0593), there was a high-level of gene flow in the Ascaris populations. A hierarchical analysis on molecular variance revealed remarkably high levels of variation within the populations. Moreover, a population structure analysis indicated that Ascaris populations fell into 3 main genetic clusters, interpreted as A. suum, A. lumbricoides, and a hybrid of the species. We speculated that humans can be infected with A. lumbricoides, A. suum, and the hybrid, but pigs were mainly infected with A. suum. This study provided new information on the genetic diversity and population structure of Ascaris from human and pigs in China, which can be used for designing Ascaris control strategies. It can also be beneficial to understand the introgression of host affiliation.
Ascaris lumbricoides ; Ascaris suum ; Ascaris ; China ; Gene Flow ; Genetic Structures ; Genetic Variation ; Humans ; Microsatellite Repeats ; Swine

This paper summarized and analyzed the status quo and problems about molecular identification of animal medical material, based on the facts, we proposed some research strategies, including uniting to tackle key problems, expanding the research species, accelerating manufacture and generalization of molecular identification kit, priming the research project of DNA barcoding, and establishing standard database on animal medical material.
Animal Structures ; Animals ; DNA Barcoding, Taxonomic ; Databases, Genetic ; standards ; Materia Medica ; analysis ; Mitochondria ; genetics ; Research

OBJECTIVETo determine the genome structure of human telomeric repeat binding factor 1 (TERF1) and its pseudogenes.

METHODSSequences were obtained from GenBank and analyzed using the BLAST program and other relevant biology program (Sequencher, DNA Strider and Autoassembler, etc) to determine the genome and pseudogenome structure of TERF1. PCR and sequencing were performed to verify the results.

RESULTTERF1 gene which mapped to 8q13 was divided into 10 exons. It had four processed pseudogenes located on chromosome 13, 18, 21 and X respectively (Psi TERF1-13 Psi TERF1-18 Psi TERF1-21 and Psi TERF1-X ). They were entire intronless TERF1 genes which lacked some exons. Three homologous fragments of at least 60 kb on the flanking region of Psi TERF1-13, Psi TERF1-18 and Psi TERF1-21, respectively were noted.

CONCLUSIONTERF1 gene has 10 exons. It has four processed pseudogenes which are located on chromosome 13, 18, 21, and X, respectively. Large homologous fragments that belong to the recently duplicated segments are transchromosomal duplications.

PURPOSE: Free radicals are defined as any species capable of independent existence that contains one or more unpaired electrons and they have the effects on carcinogenesis and tumor progression by causing mutations on genetic structure or suppressing repair of mutated DNA. This study was aimed to identify changes of antioxidant capacity in carcinogenesis and tumor progression of colorectal cancer (CRC). METHODS: We studied the level of serum antioxidant capacity using ABTS technique for 34 CRC patients who were operated between July 1997 and January 1998 at department of surgery, Taegu Catholic Medical Center and compared with 38 persons who had normal value of liver function during the same period. RESULTS: CRC patients showed decreased serum antioxidant capacity level compared to that of control group (CRC male 1.23 0.15 mmol/L, CRC female 1.11 0.13 mmol/L, control male 1.40 0.15, control female 1.35 0.11 mmol/L). Changes of antioxidant capacity levels were not correlated with stages, even though the marginal difference between T-stages (T1/2 1.23 0.10 mmol/L, T3/4 1.16 0.15 mmol/L). CONCLUSIONS: Free radicals may be the causative agent of colorectal carcinogenesis and can be associated with early phase of carcinogenesis rather than tumor progression.
Carcinogenesis ; Colorectal Neoplasms* ; Daegu ; DNA ; Female ; Free Radicals ; Genetic Structures ; Humans ; Liver ; Male ; Reference Values

To determine molecular mechanisms of Aquaporin-CD (AQP2) gene regulation, the promoter region of the AQP2 gene was examined by transiently transfecting a promoter-luciferase reporter fusion gene into mouse renal collecting duct cell lines such as mIMCD-3, mIMCD-K2, and M-1 cells, and NIH3T3 mouse embryo fibroblast cells. PCR-Southern analysis reveals that mIMCD-3 and mIMCD-K2 cells express AQP2, but M-1 and NIH3T3 cells do not, and that the treatment with cpt-cAMP (400 muM) or forskolin/isobutylmethylxanthine (IBMX) increased the AQP2 expression in IMCD cells. In both IMCD and NIH3T3 cells, the constructs containing the promoter of AQP2 gene showed promoter activities, indicating lack of tissue-specific element in the 1.4 kb 5'-flanking region of the mouse AQP2 gene. Luciferase activity in the IMCD cells transfected with the construct containing 5-flanking region showed responsiveness to cpt-cAMP, indicating that the 1.4 kb 5'-flanking region contains the element necessary for the regulatory mechanism by cAMP. The promoter-luciferase constructs which do not have a cAMP-responsible element (CRE) still showed the cAMP responsiveness in IMCD cells, but not in NIH3T3 cells. Increase in medium osmolarity did not affect AQP2 promoter activity in mIMCD-K2 cells. These results demonstrate that AQP2 gene transcription is increased with cAMP treatment through multiple motifs including CRE in the 5'-flanking region of the gene in vitro, and the regulatory mechanism may be important for in vivo regulation of AQP2 expression.
Animals ; Aquaporin 2 ; Cell Line ; Embryonic Structures ; Fibroblasts ; Luciferases ; Mice* ; Osmolar Concentration ; Promoter Regions, Genetic

Objective: To describe the genetic structure of populations in different areas of China, and explore the effects of different strategies to control the confounding factors of the genetic structure in cohort studies. Methods: By using the genome-wide association study (GWAS) on data of 4 500 samples from 10 areas of the China Kadoorie Biobank (CKB), we performed principal components analysis to extract the first and second principal components of the samples for the component two-dimensional diagram generation, and then compared them with the source of sample area to analyze the characteristics of genetic structure of the samples from different areas of China. Based on the CKB cohort data, a simulation data set with cluster sample characteristics such as genetic structure differences and extensive kinship was generated; and the effects of different analysis strategies including traditional analysis scheme and mixed linear model on the inflation factor (λ) were evaluated. Results: There were significant genetic structure differences in different areas of China. Distribution of the principal components of the population genetic structure was basically consistent with the geographical distribution of the project area. The first principal component corresponds to the latitude of different areas, and the second principal component corresponds to the longitude of different areas. The generated simulation data showed high false positive rate (λ=1.16), even if the principal components of the genetic structure was adjusted or the area specific subgroup analysis was performed, λ could not be effectively controlled (λ>1.05); while, by using a mixed linear model adjusting for the kinship matrix, λ was effectively controlled regardless of whether the genetic structure principal component was further adjusted (λ=0.99). Conclusions: There were large differences in genetic structure among populations in different areas of China. In molecular epidemiology studies, bias caused by population genetic structure needs to be carefully treated. For large cohort data with complex genetic structure and extensive kinship, it is necessary to use a mixed linear model for association analysis.
China ; Genetic Structures ; Genome-Wide Association Study ; Humans ; Linear Models ; Principal Component Analysis

Recent trends of malaria in Thailand illustrate an increasing proportion of Plasmodium vivax, indicating the importance of P. vivax as a major causative agent of malaria. P. vivax malaria is usually considered a benign disease so the knowledge of this parasite has been limited, especially the genetic diversity and genetic structure of isolates from different endemic areas. The aim of this study was to examine the population genetics and structure of P. vivax isolates from 4 provinces with different malaria endemic settings in Thailand using 6 microsatellite markers. Total 234 blood samples from P. vivax mono-infected patients were collected. Strong genetic diversity was observed across all study sites; the expected heterozygosity values ranged from 0.5871 to 0.9033. Genetic variability in this study divided P. vivax population into 3 clusters; first was P. vivax isolates from Mae Hong Son and Kanchanaburi Provinces located on the western part of Thailand; second, Yala isolates from the south; and third, Chanthaburi isolates from the east. P. vivax isolates from patients having parasite clearance time (PCT) longer than 24 hr after the first dose of chloroquine treatment had higher diversity when compared with those having PCT within 24 hr. This study revealed a clear evidence of different population structure of P. vivax from different malaria endemic areas of Thailand. The findings provide beneficial information to malaria control programme as it is a useful tool to track the source of infections and current malaria control efforts.
Chloroquine ; Genetic Structures ; Genetic Variation ; Genetics, Population* ; Humans ; Malaria* ; Malaria, Vivax ; Microsatellite Repeats ; Parasites ; Plasmodium vivax* ; Plasmodium* ; Thailand*

To reveal the genetic diversity and genetic structure in Artemisia annua varieties (strains) populations, we detected the genetic polymorphism within and among eight varieties (strains) populations (192 individuals) by the approach of Start Codon Targeted Polymorphism (SCoT). The associated genetic parameters were calculated by POPGENE1.31 and the relationship was constructed based on UPGMA method. The results showed that, using 20 screened primers, a total of 145 bands were produced, of which 122 were polymorphic loci. At species level, there was a high level of genetic diversity among eight varieties (strains) populations (PPB = 84.1% ,H = 0.217 3 and H(sp) = 0.341 9). However, at the variety (strains) population level, genetic diversity was lower, the average of genetic parameters was PPB = 41.9%, H = 0.121 5, H(pop) = 0.186 8. The Nei's genetic differentiation coefficient was 0.441 0, indicate that most of the genetic variation in this species existed within the variety populations. The gene flow (N(m) = 0.633 9) was less among populations, indicating that the degree of genetic differentiation was higher. Genetic similarity coefficient were changed from 0.755 1 to 0.985 7. By clustering analysis, eight varieties (strains) were clustered into two major categories and it was also showed the same or similar genetic background varieties (strains) have a tendency to gather in the same group. Results suggest that, in variety breeding, breeders should strengthen the exchange of bred germplasm and increase mutual penetration of excellent genes, which would broaden the genetic base of A. annua.
Artemisia annua ; classification ; genetics ; Codon, Initiator ; genetics ; Genetic Markers ; genetics ; Genetic Structures ; Genetic Variation ; Genetics, Population ; methods ; Phylogeny ; Polymorphism, Genetic ; Species Specificity