PURPOSE: As the evaluation of the preoperative sensibility in the orbitozygomatic complex fracture, used by most surgeons, depends on the patient's subjective judgements, it is difficult to make generalization and to use it as an objective evaluation method. We used the blink reflex study to objectively evaluate injury to the infraorbital nerve. METHODS: From December 2008 to November 2009, a total of 16 patients underwent the patient's subjective report on sensory symptoms and the blink reflex study preoperatively. Among patients having orbitozygomatic complex fracture of type III or more according to Henderson's classification and simultaneously suspected as being injured along the infraorbital nerve pathway, patients who had difficulty in checking preoperative sensibility and said 'normal sensibility' were selected as candidates. RESULTS: Fifteen patients showed abnormal R1 on the fracture side. These results suggested that most of patients had injury to the infraorbital nerve. CONCLUSION: Contrary to the existing tests, the blink reflex study is a useful diagnostic tool in reflecting injury to the infraorbital nerve objectively.
Blinking ; Generalization (Psychology) ; Humans

Generalization of learned fear has been considered to be critical for our survival. Patients with anxiety problems show overgeneralization of learned fear, as reflected by defensive physiological responses to harmless stimuli. Together with these physiological responses, conscious feeling of fear is a seminal part of emotional process that is directly related to the suffering of anxiety patients. However, the effect of anxiety on the generalization of conscious feeling remains unclear. We thus focused on the question whether the generalization of conscious feeling of fear depends on individual anxiety level in nonpatient participants. To address this question, we developed a fear generalization paradigm using natural scene images. We found that subjective feeling of fear was generalized to similar stimuli with the conditioned stimuli (CS), and that this generalization of conscious fear was positively correlated with the level of individual anxiety. Anxiety and depression frequently co-occur, but the individual depression level was not correlated with the fear generalization. These suggest that individual anxiety level mainly affects the generalization of conscious fear.
Anxiety ; Depression ; Generalization (Psychology) ; Humans

Generalized acrodermatitis continua occurred in a 33-year-old man. Lesions initially limited to the both hands were treated with corticosteroid for long term, however, generalization of the lesions appeared to follow the steroid withdrawal.
Acrodermatitis* ; Adult ; Generalization (Psychology)* ; Hand ; Humans

OBJECTIVES: We performed cost-benefit analysis to investigate the benefit of companies dispensary. METHODS: We measured the cost and benefit of running a factory dispensary. This study focused on a factory with well arranged professional health-care staff. The study was carried out during 1995-1997. All the past values of cost and benefit were converted into present value. We used net benefit and cost/benefit ratio as determinants. RESULTS: The net benefit of the object factory dispensary was -73,000,000 Won, and cost/benefit ratio was about 0.65. This result showed no profitability. CONCLUSION: There would be limitation of generalization because this study included only one factory dispensary. As we did not consider many indirect benefits. the benefit portion might be underestimated. We should also think about the possibility of profitability. If one dispensary takes charge of two or more factories. then it can produce sufficient profit. With all of those efforts we dream the days of healthy workers will come.
Cost-Benefit Analysis* ; Generalization (Psychology) ; Running

This study was performed to evaluate the effects of acute withdrawal of antiepileptic drugs in epileptic patients during continuous BEG monitoring. One hundred sixty-five withdrawals in 134 patients who were candidates for epileptic surgery were included for this study. Clinical features and frequency of seizure were observed after drug withdrawal with daily monitoring of serum drug level. The phases after withdrawal of antiepileptics were divided into phase of therapeutic drug level, phase of falling drug level, and phase of subtherapeutic or undetectable(zero) drug level. There were significant increase in frequency of seizure and seizure of secondary generalization after acute withdrawal of antiepileptic drugs. Number of seizure during the period of drugs withdrawals was not correlated with onset age of epilepsy, duration of epilepsy, duration of medication, and number of administrated antiepiteptic drugs. The number of frequency of seizure before drug withdrawal was correlated with the number of frequency of withdrawal seizure. The number of seizure frequency after carbamazepine withdrawal was significantly higher during the phase of subtherapeutic or zero drug level, and not during phase of rapid falling antiepileptic drug level.
Age of Onset ; Anticonvulsants* ; Carbamazepine ; Epilepsy ; Generalization (Psychology) ; Humans ; Seizures*

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to identify differences in thinking between schizophrenic patients and healthy subjects with linguistic-philosophical approach and to develop a tool to measure pathological thinking. METHODS: Approximately 50 cards(pictures of either representational or abstract sculptures and paintings) from the previous experiment(1997) were carefully examined and 10 cards were selected based on their variety and promptness of the response. Twenty-four schizophrenic patients and 19 healthy subjects participated in this experiment. Participants were required to give a title to each picture. Their responses were analysed based on the forms of thinking, abstractness(or concreteness) and the category of the title. Each response was also coded either direct or indirect. RESULTS: 1) Schizophrenic patients emitted more direct and simple descriptive responses whereas healthy subjects showed projection-related direct traits, indirect traits, indirect association and generalization. 2) Both groups tended to utilize the whole rather than parts. Schizophrenic group depended more on the whole pictures than healthy group. Healthy subjects showed more generalization tendency with parts. 3) Both groups preferred concrete titles to abstract ones. Schizophrenic group(95.3%) used more concrete titles than healthy group(71.4%) and healthy group(28.65%) used more abstract titles than schizophrenic group(4.7%). 4) Schizophrenic patients(73.5%) showed more directness in thinking than healthy subjects, whereas healthy subjects(58.7%) more indirectness. CONCLUSIONS: 1) Schizophrenic patients clearly showed direct and simple forms of thinking and expressive language, lacking reasoning, and systematic processing. Additionally, schizophrenic patients simply responded to the whole and used concrete and direct expression. 2) Replication study is warranted to improve reliability and validity of the tool we developed. Research on individual differences needs to be conducted to measure differences among individuals and change over time in an individual. 3) Further study on the factors which might be related to forms of thinking and language expressions, such as intelligence is warranted.
Generalization (Psychology) ; Humans ; Individuality ; Intelligence ; Reproducibility of Results ; Schizophrenia ; Sculpture ; Thinking

Postictal sequential serum prolactin concentrations were observed in 28 patients with various type of seizures who were hospitalized at Keimyung University Hospital. Of 28 epileptic patients, 18 male and 10 female, age ranged from 18 years to 79 years (mean 42 years), 15 with generalized seizures, 13 with focal seizures (5 with simple partial seizures and 8 with partial seizures with generalization). Symptomatic epilepsy and epileptic patients with factors which may affect serum prolactin concentrations were excluded in this study. Serum prolactin concentrations were measure at 15, 30 and 60 minutes after convulsion and 24 hours after convulsion for the base line serum prolactin level. Patients with generalized seizsures and significant elevation of serum prolactin concentrations at 15, 30 and 60 minutes after ictus (Table 1). Same results were obtained in patients with simple partial seizures at 30 minutes and 60 minutes after ictus, and 15 minutes and 30 minutes after ictus in patients with partial seizures with secondary generalization (Table 2 and 3). Level of serum prolactin concentrations were higher in patients with generalized seizure than the other type of seizures. Therefore, measuring serum prolactin level could help differentiate postictal state and other causes of mental change, and also differentiative various type of seizures.
Epilepsies, Partial ; Epilepsy ; Female ; Generalization (Psychology) ; Humans ; Male ; Prolactin* ; Seizures*

Statistical analysis is an essential component of all biomedical research. Use of descriptive and inferential analysis enables researchers to summarize findings and conduct generalizations from research findings. Physicians must keep current with clinical information to practice evidence-based medicine. In doing so, physicians need to access reports of original research. This requires the reader to critically appraise the design, conduct, and analysis of each study and subsequently interpret the results. However, many surveys reveal prevalent statistical errors in articles in medical journals, and it is also clear that many physicians are seriously unfamiliar with statistical methods. This constitutes a major barrier to the development of medical research. Given this situation, this review article discusses the use of statistical methods in medical journal articles, the status of statistical errors among them, and the results of evaluation of physicians' understanding of statistical methods. Moreover, this article introduces the current trend in statistical reviews to improve the quality of medical journal articles, and explains the uniform requirements for manuscripts submitted to medical journals. Finally, the article proposes several specific ways to improve the quality of the Pediatric Allergy and Respiratory Disease.
Evidence-Based Medicine ; Generalization (Psychology) ; Hypersensitivity ; Quality Improvement

PURPOSE: This study was designed to investigate the effects of information sharing between students on results of clinical performance examination (CPX). METHODS: 143 third-year students, who completed their core clinical clerkship, were randomly assigned to one day of a 3-day, 6 station CPX. Station checklists, scored by the SP(s), consisted of history taking, physical examination, information sharing, clinical courtesy and patient-physician interaction. We compared the CPX station scores, CPX domain scores, self assessment scores and GPA of the three groups tested on different days with ANOVA, and analyzed the differences in CPX scores, after controlling for GPA, with ANCOVA. The correlations among the CPX total and domain scores, self assessment and the GPA of the 3rd year students were calculated. Data regarding information sharing between students and self-assessment were obtained through student questionnaires. RESULTS: CPX total scores, self assessment scores and GPA of 3rd year students from day-2 were significantly higher than scores from day-1 or day-3. Checklist analysis showed that PE, CC and PPI scores were significantly higher on day-2, but Hx and IS scores were not significantly different. Results from questionnaires showed that 43% of students shared evaluation information. And CPX total scores had little correlation with self assessment scores. GPA of 3rd year students showed a similar pattern with the CPX totalscore. CONCLUSION: There is information sharing occurring between students during clinical performance examinations. Although there are significant differences in CPXscores for the treatment group, it seemed that CPX scores are not affected by information sharing between students. Reliability of information sharing from other students is low. The generalization of this study should be interpreted carefully.
Checklist ; Clinical Clerkship ; Generalization (Psychology) ; Humans ; Information Dissemination* ; Physical Examination ; Self-Assessment ; Surveys and Questionnaires

PURPOSE: "Benign Infantile Convulsion with Diarrhea" was first described by Morooka in 1982. Even without fever, dehydration, electrolyte imbalance and intracranial infection, seizures can occur several times in a day after the onset of diarrhea. Except for the seizures during the patient's acute illness, neurological outcome is excellent and no patient suffers epilepsy. Because seizures can occur repeatedly without accompanying fever, and with only mild diarrhea, these patients can be misdiagnosed with infantile epilepsy and treated with unnecessary anticonvulsants. METHODS: This study was carried out with 61 patients with benign infantile convulsion with diarrhea who visited at Inje University Sang-gye Paik Hospital, from September 1989 to June 1997. RESULTS: There were 61 patients with benign infantile convulsion with diarrhea, 32 boys and 29 girls. Sixty out of 61 patients had generalized tonic-clonic seizures, and one patient showed partial seizure with secondary generalization. Sixteen(45.7%) out of 35 patients showed positive rotazyme tests. Cerebrospinal fluid examination showed normal in 14 patients, EEG's were normal in 38(84.4%) out of 45 patients, brain CT's were negative in 24 out of 25 patients, and brain MRI's were negative in 4 patients. We could follow up 38 patients, and 3 patients had recurring seizures due to benign infantile convulsion with diarrhea. Psychomotor developments were normal in all the follow-up patients. CONCLUSION: Benign infantile convulsion with diarrhea is a benign seizure disorder in infancy without relation to later neurological disability or epilepsy.
Anticonvulsants ; Brain ; Cerebrospinal Fluid ; Dehydration ; Diarrhea* ; Epilepsy ; Female ; Fever ; Follow-Up Studies ; Generalization (Psychology) ; Humans ; Seizures*