OBJECTIVE: (1) To estimate the prevalence of atrial fibrillation (Af) in the general population of Saitama Prefecture, (2) to identify useful information obtained from subjects' history and laboratory findings for predicting imminent occurrence of Af.
DESIGN: Cross sectional study and retrospective cohort study.
SETTING: Annual health examination of the general population.
PARTICIPANTS: Subjects were 5, 375 men and 8, 419 women with a mean age±standard deviation of 47.2±9.6 and an age range of 18 to 88 years old.
MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Among the 13, 794 participants who underwent conventional 12-lead electrocardiography (ECG) every year from 1994 to 1997, the prevalence of Af was 0.3%. The cross sectional data showed significant differences between male subjects with and without Af regarding age (P<0.0001), current treatment for hypertension (P<0.0001), arrhythmia (P<0.0001), angina pectoris (P<0.05), history of myocardial infarction (P<0.05), perception of palpitation (P<0.0001), perception of irregular pulse (P<0.0001), shortness of breath (P<0.0001), diastolic blood pressure (P<0.05), total cholesterol (P<0.0001), and casual glucose level (P<0.05) . Significant differences were also found between female subjects with and without Af with respect to creatinine (P<0.0001), current treatment of arrhythmia (P<0.0001), perception of palpitation (P<0.0001), perception of irregular pulse (P<0.0001), and HbAlc level (P<0.05) .
The retrospective cohort data identified 22 subjects who had persistent Af during the study period, and 20 (0.15%) who had newly developed Af during this period on the basis of consecutive ECG recordings of the 13, 772 participants in 1994-1996. Logistic regression analysis revealed that there were significant differences in perception of irregular pulse (P=0.0004), history of myocardial infarction (P=0.0134), fatigability (P=0.0243), aging (P=0.0039) and total cholesterol level (P=0.025) for men, and in history of arrhythmia (P=0.0007) for women between the group with and without Af.
The likelihood ratios and the respective 95% confidence intervals (C.I.) for ECG findings to identify the subjects who would develop Af were as follows: ST depression, 14.6 (C.I., 5.1-42) ; ventricular arrhythmia, 14.9 (3.9-56) ; incomplete RBBB, 9.2 (2.4-34) ; supraventricular arrhythmia, 8.9 (1.3-61) ; second-degree atrioventricular block, 342 (32-3624) ; abnormal Q wave, 16.3 (2.4-112) ; left atrial enlargement, 52.7 (7.2-383) .
CONCLUSIONS: Combining data from subjects' histories for the prediction of imminent Af among subjects in the general population is likely to be useful, especially for the elderly male population. Aging in men, in particular, is an important factor when combined with abnormal findings on conventional 12-lead ECG.

OBJECTIVE: (1) To estimate the prevalence of cancer as an cause of abdominal pain, (2) to identify useful information of history and physical examination, (3) to assess performance of potential screening tests, and (4) to formulate an efficient algorithm for distinguishing patients with cancer.
DESIGN: Prospective observational study.
SETTING: General medical outpatient clinic in a university teaching hospital.
PARTICIPANTS: 470 outpatients (men, 216; women, 254; mean age±standard deviation, 44.6±16.5; age range, 16 to 89) complaining of abdominal pain at their first visits.
MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: A cancer causing abdominal pain was found in 18 patients (3.8%) . These 18 patients with cancer and the remaining 452 patients without cancer were compared regarding clinical findings. Findings significantly more common in patients with cancer were: age of 40 years or over; unexplained weight loss; insidious onset; and duration of pain longer than one preceding month without relief. Among recorded physical findings, countenance reflecting severe pain, fever, and abdominal tenderness were significantly associated with cancer. Elevation of LDH, WBC, CRP, ESR, and CEA were moderately useful discriminators for patients with and without cancer. The logistic regression analysis with complete clinical data set covering history, physical examination and laboratory tests showed that the only findings significantly associated with cancer were unexplained weight loss (odds ratio: 18.9, 95% CI 1.5-20.1), duration of pain over one month (odds ratio: 24.8, 95% CI 1.6-27.9), countenance of severe pain (odds ratio: 159.1, 95% CI 4.5-162.1), and WBC>10, 000 (odds ratio: 22.3, 95% CI 1.1-31.0) .
CONCLUSIONS: Our data support the value of the combined use of history, physical and selected laboratory findings in detecting cancer among patients with abdominal pain. Application of such selected criteria holds the promise of more efficient care with judicious and effective use of endoscopy or sonography without lowering the quality of care.

PURPOSE: To determine whether faculty humanistic quality ratings for medical students in an Objective Structured Clinical Examination (OSCE) are associated with student OSCE scores and actual patient satisfaction in a university hospital outpatient (general internal medicine) clinic.
METHODS: Our study was conducted on final-year (sixth grade) medical students in 1998. Forty medical students took the OSCE and were evaluated by faculty internists for humanistic qualities during OSCE sessions. Patient satisfaction ratings for students were also obtained in an outpatient clinic by using six items from the American Board of Internal Medicine Patient Satisfaction Questionnaire (PSQ) . A total of 40 students were evaluated by 117 patients. A multiple regression analysis was used for this study.
RESULTS: In the OSCE, faculty humanistic quality ratings for students were associated with interview skills (p=0.004), but not with physical examination scores nor students' gender. However, patient satisfaction ratings were not statistically associated with faculty humanistic quality ratings for students, other OSCE scores nor with patients' demographic characteristics such as age, sex, occupation and education levels.
CONCLUSIONS: Faculty humanistic quality ratings for medical students taking the OSCE were not significantly associated with patient satisfaction at the outpatient clinic in our study.

A 60-year-old male was diagnosed as having sarcoidosis four months previously because of bilateral hilar lymphadenopathy seen on a chest X-ray, uveitis, and elevation of serum angiotensin converting enzyme. In summer, the patient suffered from hypercalcemia, hypercalciuria, and renal dysfunction. Renal biopsy showed interstitial nephritis with gallium scintigraphy demonstrating high uptake in the bilateral hilum, eyes, and kidneys. Corticosteroid treatment was effective in remarkably improving the renal disorder and radiographic abnormalities.
The calcium metabolic abnormalities and the granulomatous interstitial nephritis showed a marked response to corticosteroid therapy, so that immediate administration of corticosteroid may be justified even in cases without histological evidences. Gallium scintigraphy is suggested to be useful in noninvasive examination in acute stage of sarcoidosis.

Patients seeking primary care often have upper respiratory symptoms caused by viral infection. Most patients are diagnosed based on medical interviews and physical examinations ; however, such diagnoses are often based on experience, and education for younger physicians regarding such patients is often insufficient. This review addresses evidence related to history and physical findings of cough, sore throat, and nasal discharge. We reviewed differential diagnosis of cough, as well as select diagnosis, including the common cold, acute bacterial sinusitis, Bordetella pertussis infection, and gastroesophageal reflux disease. Sore throat is similarly reviewed through differential diagnosis and select diagnosis, including Streptococcal (group A) infection, infectious mononucleosis, and Mycoplasma and Chlamydia. Nasal discharge is reviewed in terms of differential diagnosis and allergic rhinitis. Many histories or physical findings of upper respiratory symptoms are not supported by evidence, and further study is warranted.