Vocal fold injection (VFI) is widely accepted as a first line treatment in treating unilateral vocal fold paralysis and other vocal fold diseases. Although VFI is advantageous for its minimal invasiveness and efficiency, the invisibility of the needle tip remains an essential handicap in precise localization. Real-time light-guided vocal fold injection (RL-VFI) is a novel technique that was developed under the concept of performing simultaneous injection with precise placement of the needle tip under light guidance. RL-VFI has confirmed its possibility of technical implementation and the feasibility in injecting the needle from various directions through ex vivo animal studies. Further in vivo animal study has approved the safety and feasibility of the procedure when various transcutaneous approaches were applied. Currently, RL-VFI device is authorized for clinical use by the Ministry of Food and Drug Safety in South Korea and is clinically applied to patients with safe and favorable outcome. Several clinical studies are currently under process to approve the safety and the efficiency of RL-VFI. RL-VFI is expected to improve the complication rate and the functional outcome of voice. Furthermore, it will support laryngologists in overcoming the steep learning curve by its intuitive guidance.

Treatment of patients with dysphagia has become more complicated due to the worldwide COVID-19 pandemic. A surgical field involving the upper respiratory tract, and the aerosol-generating nature of the surgery implies a higher risk of infection transmission to the surgeon and operating theater (OT) staff. Thus, most guidelines released during the COVID-19 era recommend postponement of surgical treatment for these patients. The surgical treatment for dysphagia can be classified into procedures improving swallowing functions, procedures preventing aspiration, and tracheostomy to preserve the airways. Dysphagia surgeries that improve swallowing functions and prevent aspirations have a lower priority, and therefore, should be delayed until the risk of infection decreases. However, tracheostomy is considered a high priority regardless of the infection risk. As per our experience, a tracheostomy can be conducted safely following strict infection control measures, such as proper personal protective equipment, isolated surgical field, and sterilization of surgical equipment, etc. Other dysphagia surgeries may also be conducted safely if attempted under a strict protocol, although careful assessment of the patient status and the institutional situation should be carried out in advance.

Treatment of patients with dysphagia has become more complicated due to the worldwide COVID-19 pandemic. A surgical field involving the upper respiratory tract, and the aerosol-generating nature of the surgery implies a higher risk of infection transmission to the surgeon and operating theater (OT) staff. Thus, most guidelines released during the COVID-19 era recommend postponement of surgical treatment for these patients. The surgical treatment for dysphagia can be classified into procedures improving swallowing functions, procedures preventing aspiration, and tracheostomy to preserve the airways. Dysphagia surgeries that improve swallowing functions and prevent aspirations have a lower priority, and therefore, should be delayed until the risk of infection decreases. However, tracheostomy is considered a high priority regardless of the infection risk. As per our experience, a tracheostomy can be conducted safely following strict infection control measures, such as proper personal protective equipment, isolated surgical field, and sterilization of surgical equipment, etc. Other dysphagia surgeries may also be conducted safely if attempted under a strict protocol, although careful assessment of the patient status and the institutional situation should be carried out in advance.

Objectives: . Vocal fold injection (VFI) via the cricothyroid (CT) membrane is used to treat various diseases affecting the vocal folds. The technical challenges of this technique are mainly related to the invisibility of the needle. Real-time light-guided VFI (RL-VFI) was recently developed for injection under simultaneous light guidance in the CT approach. Herein, we present the first clinical trial of RL-VFI, in which we investigated the feasibility and safety of this new technique in unilateral vocal fold paralysis (VFP). Methods: . This prospective pilot study enrolled 40 patients, who were treated with RL-VFI for unilateral VFP between September 2020 and August 2021. Adverse events were monitored during the procedure and for 4 weeks postoperatively. The Voice Handicap Index-10, the GRBAS (grade, roughness, breathiness, asthenia, and strain) scale, aerodynamic studies, and acoustic analyses were evaluated to compare the voice improvement after 4 weeks with the baseline values. Results: . The needle tip was intuitively identified by the red light. The mean procedure time was 95.6±40.6 seconds for the initial injection, while the additional injection required 79.2±70.5 seconds. The injection was performed under light guidance without additional manipulation after the needle reached the intended point. No acute or delayed adverse events were reported. Among the 40 patients, 36 completed voice analyses after 4 weeks. Subjective and objective voice parameters, including the Voice Handicap Index-10, GRBAS scale, maximum phonation time, mean expiratory airflow, fundamental frequency, jitter, shimmer, and noise-to-harmonics ratio improved significantly after RL-VFI (P<0.05), while the expiratory volume was maintained. Conclusion . RL-VFI is feasible and safe for treating patients with unilateral VFP. This technique is anticipated to improve the precision and safety of the CT approach in the treatment of unilateral VFP. This study provides a rationale for further structured clinical studies.

Objectives: . This study evaluated the surgical outcomes of patients with Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome who underwent tongue-reduction surgery and analyzed whether the malocclusion and mandibular prognathism caused by macroglossia could be improved. Methods: . A retrospective medical record review was performed for 11 patients with Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome whose macroglossia was surgically treated. Demographic data, symptoms and signs, and intraoperative and postoperative surgical outcomes were evaluated. Surgery was performed by a single surgeon using the “keyhole” technique, involving midline elliptical excision and anterior wedge resection. Preoperative and postoperative plain skull lateral X-rays were evaluated to assess prognathism improvement. Results: . The median age at the time of surgery was 35.09 months, and the ratio of males to females was 4:7. The median surgical time was 98±31.45 minutes, and the median duration of the postoperative intensive care unit stay was 3.81±2.4 days. There were no airway complications. Two patients (18.2%) had postoperative wound dehiscence; however, there was no nerve damage, recurrence, or other complications. Among the five patients who underwent postoperative speech evaluation, all showed normal speech development, except one patient who had brain dysfunction and developmental delay. Measurements of the A point-nasion-B point (ANB) angles and sella-nasion-B point (SNB) angles (point A is the most concave point of the anterior maxilla; point B is the most concave point on the mandibular symphysis) on plain X-rays showed a significant decrease in the postoperative SNB angle (P <0.001) and a significant increase in the ANB angle (P <0.011). Conclusion . Tongue-reduction surgery is an effective and safe technique for severe forms of macroglossia associated with Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome. In addition, it improves mandibular prognathism in young Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome patients with macroglossia.

Objectives: . The transcutaneous approach is a good option for office-based vocal fold injection (VFI). However, precise localization requires extensive experience because the needle tip is invisible in small and complex laryngeal spaces. Recently, real-time light-guided VFI (RL-VFI) was proposed as a new technique that allows simultaneous injection under precise needle localization by light guidance. Herein, we aimed to verify the feasibility of RL-VFI in an in vivo canine model and explored its clinical usefulness. Methods: . The device for RL-VFI comprised a light source (light-emitting diode modules [10 W] of red color [650 nm]) and injectors (1.5 inches, 23 gauge). An adult male beagle was used for the experiment. After tracheostomy, a rigid laryngoscope was inserted and suspended to expose the larynx. A flexible naso-laryngoscopy system was used to visualize the vocal folds. Results: . RL-VFI was performed using various transcutaneous approaches, including the cricothyroid, transthyroid, and transhyoid approaches. Light guidance helped identify the path of the needle and prevent inadvertent penetration. The location of the needle tip was accurately indicated by the light. The illuminated needle could be easily placed at the intended points in the vocal fold with real-time visual-motor feedback. Hyaluronic acid could be simultaneously injected lateral to the vocal process under light guidance without manipulation of the device. Conclusion . RL-VFI was found to be safe and feasible in an in vivo canine model, providing precise localization and visualmotor feedback. The clinical application of RL-VFI is expected to improve the safety and precision of VFI.

Objectives: . The transcutaneous approach is a good option for office-based vocal fold injection (VFI). However, precise localization requires extensive experience because the needle tip is invisible in small and complex laryngeal spaces. Recently, real-time light-guided VFI (RL-VFI) was proposed as a new technique that allows simultaneous injection under precise needle localization by light guidance. Herein, we aimed to verify the feasibility of RL-VFI in an in vivo canine model and explored its clinical usefulness. Methods: . The device for RL-VFI comprised a light source (light-emitting diode modules [10 W] of red color [650 nm]) and injectors (1.5 inches, 23 gauge). An adult male beagle was used for the experiment. After tracheostomy, a rigid laryngoscope was inserted and suspended to expose the larynx. A flexible naso-laryngoscopy system was used to visualize the vocal folds. Results: . RL-VFI was performed using various transcutaneous approaches, including the cricothyroid, transthyroid, and transhyoid approaches. Light guidance helped identify the path of the needle and prevent inadvertent penetration. The location of the needle tip was accurately indicated by the light. The illuminated needle could be easily placed at the intended points in the vocal fold with real-time visual-motor feedback. Hyaluronic acid could be simultaneously injected lateral to the vocal process under light guidance without manipulation of the device. Conclusion . RL-VFI was found to be safe and feasible in an in vivo canine model, providing precise localization and visualmotor feedback. The clinical application of RL-VFI is expected to improve the safety and precision of VFI.

Objectives: . Vertebrobasilar dolichoectasia (VBD), an elongation and distension of vertebrobasilar artery, may present with cranial nerve symptoms due to nerve root compression. The objectives of this study are to summarize vestibulocochlear manifestations in subjects with VBD through a case series and to discuss the needs of thorough oto-neurotologic evaluation in VBD subjects before selecting treatment modalities. Methods: . Four VBD subjects with vestibulocochlear manifestations were reviewed retrospectively. VBD was confirmed by either brain or internal auditory canal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and magnetic resonance angiography (MRA). Patient information, medical history, MRI/MRA findings, and audiometry or vestibular function tests were reviewed according to patient’s specific symptom. Results: . Of the four subjects, three presented with ipsilesional sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL), three with paroxysmal recurrent vertigo, and two with typewriter tinnitus. The MRI/MRA of the four subjects revealed unilateral VBD with neurovascular compression of cisternal segment or the brainstem causing displacement, angulation, or deformity of the cranial nerve VII or VIII that corresponded to the symptoms. Conclusion . Vestibulocochlear symptoms such as SNHL, recurrent paroxysmal vertigo, or typewriter tinnitus can be precipitated from a neurovascular compression of the vestibulocochlear nerve by VBD. Because proper medical or surgical treatments may stop the disease progression or improve audio-vestibular symptoms in subjects with VBD, a high index of suspicion and meticulous radiologic evaluation are needed when vestibulocochlear symptoms are not otherwise explainable, and if VBD is confirmed to cause audiovestibular manifestation, a thorough oto-neurotologic evaluation should be performed before initial treatment.

Background and Objectives: Sternberg’s canal is known to result from incomplete fusion of bony compartments constituting the sphenoid bone during the developmental process. This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence and clinical implications of Sternberg’s canal. Methods: A retrospective review of patients over the age of 18 years who had undergone endoscopic sinus surgery from 2014 to 2019 at a single institution was performed. Patients (n=98) were categorized into those with sphenoid fungal ball (SFB) (n=39), those with primary chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) (n=39), and controls (n=20) and were evaluated radiologically. A small pit in the lateral wall, located medial to the maxillary division of the trigeminal nerve (V2), in front of the opticocarotid recess was regarded as Sternberg’s canal. Children under the age of 12 years (n=39) without any sinus disease were also evaluated to determine the prevalence of Sternberg’s canal in the pediatric population. Results: Patients with SFB showed the highest prevalence of Sternberg’s canal (56.4%), followed by those with CRS (20.5%) and controls (10.0%) (p<0.001). Logistic regression revealed that Sternberg’s canal was associated with osteitis of the sphenoid wall, and not with age, sex, or sphenoid sinus pathology. Children under the age of 12 years showed a significantly higher prevalence of the defect than adult controls (46.2%, p<0.001). Conclusion Sternberg’s canal was frequently identified in children under the age of 12 years. Sphenoid sinus pathology was often accompanied by osteitis. However, the presence of the canal alone did not predict skull base involvement in patients with SFB. A comprehensive evaluation should hence be performed if skull base involvement is suspected in such patients. Additionally, other clinical implications of Sternberg’s canal should be further evaluated.

Background/Aims: Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) play a crucial role in managing laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR), but the optimal dosing regimen remains unclear. We aim to compare the effectiveness of the same total PPI dose administered twice daily versus once daily in LPR patients. Methods: We conducted a prospective randomized controlled trial at a tertiary referral hospital, enrolling a total of 132 patients aged 19 to 79 with LPR. These patients were randomly assigned to receive either a 10 mg twice daily (BID) or a 20 mg once daily (QD) dose of ilaprazole for 12 weeks. The Reflux Symptom Index (RSI) and Reflux Finding Score (RFS) were assessed at 8 weeks and 16 weeks. The primary endpoint was the RSI response, defined as a reduction of 50% or more in the total RSI score from baseline. We also analyzed the efficacy of the dosing regimens and the impact of dosing and duration on treatment outcomes. Results: The BID group did not display a higher response rate for RSI than the QD group. The changes in total RSI scores at the 8-week and 16-week visits showed no significant differences between the 2 groups. Total RFS alterations were also comparable between both groups.Each dosing regimen demonstrated significant decreases in RSI and RFS. Conclusions Both BID and QD PPI dosing regimens improved subjective symptom scores and objective laryngoscopic findings. There was no significant difference in RSI improvement between the 2 dosing regimens, indicating that either dosing regimen could be considered a viable treatment option.