Contagious ecthyma (also known as orf) is an acute skin zoonosis caused by orf virus (ORFV), which affects sheep, goats and humans. As one of the typical species of the Parapoxvirus genus of the Poxviridae family, orf virus has distinctive and unique characteristics of these species. A range of immuno-modulatory/pathogenesis -related genes acquired by virus that function is to limit (at least transiently) the effectiveness of host immunity during its evolution. This review is aimed to describe the latest progress on the molecular characteristics of ORFV, and upon which we analyzed molecular mechanism of the immune escape designed and a set of strategies developed for ORFV to effective against immune clearance of the host. Known as an essential component in evolutionary system, host is regulated by ORFV for using in population evolution. By the ORFV evolutional immune regulation components and its effect approach, we can understand the viral biological characteristics of ORFV, and it is helpful for us to further study the counter-measures of this disease.
Animals ; Ecthyma, Contagious ; immunology ; virology ; Gene Expression Regulation, Viral ; Immune Evasion ; Orf virus ; genetics ; immunology ; Viral Proteins ; genetics ; immunology

Coxsackievirus Infections ; immunology ; virology ; Enterovirus A, Human ; physiology ; Enterovirus Infections ; immunology ; virology ; Gene Expression Regulation ; immunology ; Gene Expression Regulation, Viral ; Host-Pathogen Interactions ; immunology ; Humans

Gene Expression Regulation ; immunology ; Gene Expression Regulation, Viral ; HIV Infections ; genetics ; immunology ; metabolism ; HIV-1 ; genetics ; immunology ; Humans ; Immunity, Innate ; genetics ; immunology

Foamy virus can establish lifelong persistent infection in mammal hosts without inducing diseases. Such special characteristic stimulates the interests of researchers. As reported, the accessory protein Bet of foamy virus could regulate the gene expression and infection cycle of foamy virus and take part in the generation of chronic viral infection. And also, Bet might prevent the host cellular defense factor APO-BEC3 from interfering the replication of virus and play a role in maintaining viral persistent infection. In order to elucidate the roles of Bet in the foamy virus replication and infection, this review summarized the research progress of Bet protein reported in recent years.
Animals ; Gene Expression Regulation, Viral ; Humans ; Retroviridae Infections ; immunology ; virology ; Retroviridae Proteins ; genetics ; metabolism ; Spumavirus ; genetics ; metabolism

Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) gB is known to play important roles in cell surface attachment, virion penetration, spread of infection from cell to cell, and provocation of neutralizing antibody. This study was performed to determine the role of anti-HCMV gB antibody in overall neutralizing response in patients with HCMV infection and healthy control with past infection. HCMV gB was stably expressed in 293 cells. With the stable cell line expressing gB as a specific immunosorbent, anti-gB antibody was removed from the current and past HCMV-infected sera and the remaining neutralizing activity was measured by plaque assay. It was shown that 19-50% of the total virus-neutralizing activity of sera with past HCMV infections was derived from anti-gB antibody, but anti-gB antibody had little effect on the total serum virus-neutralizing activity in patients currently infected with HCMV. This result suggests that neutralizing antibody to HCMV gB may reflect disease status.
Adult ; Antibodies, Monoclonal ; Antibodies, Viral/immunology* ; Antibodies, Viral/blood ; Antigens, Viral/immunology ; Antigens, Viral/genetics ; Cells, Cultured ; Cytomegalovirus/immunology* ; Cytomegalovirus Infections/prevention & control ; Cytomegalovirus Infections/immunology* ; Female ; Fetus/cytology ; Fibroblasts/cytology ; Gene Expression Regulation, Viral/immunology ; Human ; Immunosorbents ; Lung/cytology ; Male ; Middle Age ; Neutralization Tests ; Recombinant Proteins/genetics ; Viral Envelope Proteins/immunology* ; Viral Vaccines

The oncogenic Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) -encoded latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1) enables this virus's long-term survival within the cells of immune system. Mean while, LMP1 also plays a critical role for the transformation of resting B cells by EBV. It initiates the activation of signalling pathways, such as NF-kappaB, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), and JAK/STAT cascade by adaptor proteins including the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor associated factors (TRAFs) and the TNF receptor associated death domain protein (TRADD). It increases the expression of adhesion molecules LFA-1, ICAM-1, and costimulatory molecule B7-1 of B cells, and regulates the antibody and cytokine secreted by B cells. LMP1 and CD40 have many common properties in signal transduction. Both of them co-localize in lipid rafts for signal transduction. Considering its close relationship with CD40, the research on LMP1 has become a hot spot in the immunology field.
Animals ; B-Lymphocytes ; immunology ; CD40 Antigens ; genetics ; physiology ; Gene Expression Regulation, Viral ; Herpesvirus 4, Human ; genetics ; metabolism ; physiology ; Humans ; Signal Transduction ; Viral Matrix Proteins ; genetics ; physiology

Based on the computer simulation, we analyzed hydrophobicity, potential epitope of recombined subtypes HIV-1 Env protein (851 amino acids) from Guangxi in China. Compared with conservative peptides of other subtypes in env protein, three sequences (469-511aa, 538-674aa, 700-734aa) were selected to recombine into a chimeric gene that codes three conservative epitope peptides with stronger antigencity, and was constructed in the yeast expression plasmid pPICZB. Chimeric proteins were expressed in Pichia pastoris under the induction of methanol, and were analyzed by SDS-PAGE and Westernblot. The results showed that fusion proteins of three-segment antigen were expressed in Pichia pastoris and that specific protein band at the site of 40kD was target protein, which is interacted with HIV-1 serum. The target proteins were purified by metal Ni-sepharose 4B, and were demonstrated to possess good antigenic specificity from the data of ELISA. This chimeric antigen may be used as research and developed into HIV diagnostic reagents.
Blotting, Western ; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay ; Gene Expression Regulation, Viral ; HIV Seronegativity ; immunology ; HIV Seropositivity ; immunology ; HIV-1 ; genetics ; immunology ; metabolism ; Humans ; Pichia ; genetics ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins ; genetics ; immunology ; metabolism ; env Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus ; genetics ; immunology ; metabolism

Studies have shown that transgenic plants expressing antiapoptotic genes from baculovirus and animals increase resistance to biotic and abiotic stress. However, the mechanism under these resistances is conjectural, or in some cases even controversy. In the present study, the p35 gene from baculovirus Autographa californica multicapsid nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcMNPV) was expressed in tobacco, and for the first time P35 protein was detected in transgenic plants by Western blotting. Inoculation of T1 transgenic tobacco leaves with tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) showed enhanced resistance, and DNA laddering was observed after TMV infection in control but not in transgenic plants. DAB staining showed that TMV infection did not affect peroxide induction of transgenic plants, Western blotting analysis of PR1 protein also showed no difference of control and transgenic plants. Inoculation of fungus (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum) using a detached leaf assay showed enhanced resistance of transgenic leave tissue. RT-PCR analysis demonstrated that p35 gene expression induced earlier expression of PR1 gene after S. sclerotiorum infection. Taken together, our results suggest that the mechanism under enhanced disease resistance by P35 protein is possibly related to the activation of PR-related proteins in addition to the inhibition of programmed cell death, depending on the pathogens challenged.
Gene Expression Regulation, Plant ; Immunity, Innate ; Plant Diseases ; genetics ; Plants, Genetically Modified ; genetics ; immunology ; virology ; Tobacco ; genetics ; immunology ; virology ; Tobacco Mosaic Virus ; Transformation, Genetic ; Viral Proteins ; genetics ; metabolism

BACKGROUNDTo study the existence status of the SARS-CoV, retrovirus, and the poliovirus in the bodies of the patients with SARS and the possible relationship between the three viruses and SARS.

METHODSThe clinical specimens of the nasopharyngeal swabs, sputum (or saliva), urine, fecal specimens were collected on three consecutive days from 8 patients with SARS 2 years after the recovery from SARS. SARS-CoV, reovirus and poliovirus RNA was detected by using reverse transcription (RT)-PCR; IgG antibody to the poliovirus type 1 and 3 and the antibody to SARS-CoV were determined using enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).

RESULTSAll the specimens were negative for SARS-CoV and reovirus by RT-PCR, but the fecal specimens from 4 persons were positive for poliovirus. The sequences of these poliovirus were highly homologous to that of human poliovirus type 1 strain sabin 1 genome at nucleotide level, but back mutations have occurred in the primary attenuating mutation sites at nucleotide position 480 (G --> A) in the 5' UTR and the nucleotide position 2795 (A --> G). No SARS-CoV, reovirus, and poliovirus were found in the normal controls. Three serum specimens were positive for the antibody to SARS-CoV. The IgG antibody to poliovirus were detected in 4 SARS patients and 23 healthy persons. No positive results for antibody to SARS-CoV were detected in the 25 healthy persons.

CONCLUSIONThe positive rate of the poliovirus antibody in the serum of SARS patients 2 years after recovery was significantly different from that of the normal controls, and the positive rate of poliovirus in the fecal specimens was still very high, and more importantly back mutations have occurred in the attenuating mutation sites at nucleotide position which plays an important role in the poliomyelitis.

Adult ; Antibodies, Viral ; blood ; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Gene Expression Regulation, Viral ; Humans ; Male ; Mutation ; Poliovirus ; genetics ; immunology ; RNA, Viral ; analysis ; genetics ; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction ; SARS Virus ; genetics ; immunology ; Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ; virology

To express and prepare polyclonal antibody of Human papillomavirus type 6b (HPV6b) E7 protein. a prokaryotic expression vector pGEX-4T-2/HPV6b E7 was constructed and GST-HPV6b E7 fusion protein was expressed as a soluble protein in E. coli. The expressed fusion protein was purified via Glutathione-Sepharose 4B column and thrombin cleavage in order to obtain HPV6b E7 protein. Polyclonal IgG antibody was prepared by immunizing New-Zealand rabbits with HPV6b E7 protein. Western-Blot and immunofluorescence analysis showed that the polyclonal IgG antibody could specifically recognize HPV6b E7 protein and its titer was identified. SDS-PAGE analysis demonstrated that large amounts of soluble GST-HPV6b E7 fusion protein was expressed in E. coli after 3.0-6.0 hours of IPTG induction. Polyclonal IgG antibody successfully prepared from immunized rabbits showed high titer and high specificity as confirmed by Western-Blot and immunofluorescence. The preparation of anti-HPV6b E7 polyclonal antibody will facilitate further research on the biological and immunological functions of HPV6b E7 protein.
Animals ; Antibodies ; immunology ; Escherichia coli ; genetics ; metabolism ; Female ; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial ; HEK293 Cells ; Humans ; Immunoglobulin G ; immunology ; metabolism ; Oncogene Proteins, Viral ; genetics ; immunology ; metabolism ; Rabbits ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins ; genetics ; immunology ; metabolism