The development of heart is an accurate, coordinated process including primordial cardiac cell differentiation, migration, and multi-cell combination. This process is accompanied by cell apoptosis, and by a series of gene regulation. If gene gets out of regulation, abnormal cell apoptosis will occur, which will lead to abnormal development of embryonic heart, or even malformation. By studying gene expression on apoptosis, we investigated the relationship between apoptosis and embryonic heart development, clarified the relevant mechanism for the clinical diagnosis and treatment of heart diseases.
Apoptosis ; genetics ; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental ; Heart ; embryology ; Humans

The first three disorders discussed are abnormalities of bone: too little bone in cleidocranial dysplasia caused by mutations in RUNX2; too much bone in fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva with overexpression of BMP4; and abnormal bone in McCune-Albright syndrome and fibrous dysplasia caused by mutations in GNAS1. Disorders of the sonic hedgehog signaling network are discussed next, including holoprosencephaly and the nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome, the former being caused by sonic hedgehog (SHH) mutations and the latter being caused by patched mutations (PTCH).
Basal Cell Nevus Syndrome ; genetics ; Craniofacial Abnormalities ; genetics ; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental ; Holoprosencephaly ; genetics ; Humans ; Mutation

The epididymis is a single and highly convoluted tubule system in mammals. The epithelium is the major compartment for epididymal function. Proteins synthesized and secreted by epididymal epithelium provide a special and ever-changing luminal fluid environment for sperm as they progress through the epididymis, which makes sperm achieve motility and ultimately results in sperm functional maturation. Specialized genes expressed in the epididymis have regional-specific characteristics. They are regulated by androgen and/or testicular factors and present spatial and tempel-specialized expression pattern in postnatal development, all these hint that they play important and unique roles in epididymis.
Animals ; Epididymal Secretory Proteins ; genetics ; Epididymis ; physiology ; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental ; Male ; Mammals ; Sperm Maturation ; genetics

OBJECTIVETo investigate the expression characteristics of the gene of coiled-coil domain-containing protein 70 (Ccdc70) in the mouse testis and its potential role in spermatogenesis.

METHODSUsing expression profile microarray, we screened the mouse testis-specific gene Ccdc70, studied its expression characteristics in the mouse testis by RT-PCR, real-time PCR, Western blot and immunohistochemistry, followed by bioinformatic analysis of the Ccdc70 protein.

RESULTSThe Ccdc70 gene was expressed highly in the testis but lowly in the epididymis of the mice. The Ccdc70 protein was expressed mainly in the spermatocytes and round spermatids of the testis and in the epithelial cells of the epididymis. Bioinformatic analysis showed a structural domain in the Ccdc70 protein, which was highly conserved in mammalian evolution.

CONCLUSIONThe Ccdc70 gene is highly expressed in the mouse testis and mainly in the spermatocytes, round spermatids, and epididymal epithelial cells, which indicates that it is involved in the regulation of spermatogenesis and epididymal sperm maturation.

Animals ; Computational Biology ; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental ; Male ; Mice ; Proteins ; genetics ; Spermatogenesis ; genetics ; Testis ; metabolism

OBJECTIVETo screen and identify zebrafish mutants with erythropoiesis defects by N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU) mutagenesis and large-scale forward genetic screening using beta e 1 as the marker.

METHODSThe chemical mutagen ENU was used to treat healthy wild-type male fish (AB strain, F0). The surviving ENU-treated fish were mated with wild-type female fish to generate F1, and further F2 family was generated by F1 family intercross. The adult F2 fish were intercrossed within each F2 family and the resulting F3 embryos from each crossing were subjected to whole mount in situ hybridization (WISH) with the beta e 1 probe. Mutagenesis was performed by treating the male zebrafish with ENU to induce mutations in pre-meiotic germ cells to generate the founders, which were outcrossed to obtained the F1 fish. The F1 fish from different founders were mated to generate the F2 families. F3 embryos from the sibling cross in the F2 family were examined by whole mount in situ hybridization using beta e 1-globin probe. The putative mutants were then characterized with different hematopoiesis markers.

RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONWe identified 4 beta e 1-deficient mutants with erythropoiesis defects, including two with specific erythiod lineage defects and two with concurrent lymphopoiesis defects.

Animals ; Erythropoiesis ; genetics ; Ethylnitrosourea ; Female ; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental ; Male ; Mutagenesis, Insertional ; Mutation ; Zebrafish ; genetics

BACKGROUNDAccumulating evidence indicates that both innate and adaptive mechanisms are responsible for the postnatal development of the mammalian visual cortex. Most of the studies, including gene expression analysis, were performed on the visual cortex during the critical period; few efforts were made to elucidate the molecular changes in the visual cortex during much earlier postnatal stages. The current study aimed to gain a general insight into the molecular mechanisms in the developmental process of the rat visual cortex using microarray to display the gene expression profiles of the visual cortex on postnatal days.

METHODSAll age-matched Sprague-Dawley rats in various groups including postnatal day 0 (P0, n = 20), day 10 (P10, n = 15), day 20 (P20, n = 15) and day 45 (P45, n = 10) were sacrificed respectively. Fresh visual cortex from the binocular area (Area 17) was dissected for extraction of total RNA for microarray analyses. Taking advantage of annotation information from the gene ontology and pathway database, the gene expression profiles were systematically and globally analyzed.

RESULTSOf the 31 042 gene sequences represented on the rat expression microarray, more than 4000 of the transcripts significantly altered at days 45, 20 or 10 compared to day 0. The most obvious alteration of gene expression occurred in the first ten days of the postnatal period and the genomic activities of the visual cortex maintained a high level from birth to day 45. Compared to the gene expression at birth, there were 2630 changed transcripts that shared in three postnatal periods. The up-regulated genes in most signaling pathways were more than those of the down-regulated genes.

CONCLUSIONSAnalyzing gene expression patterns, we provide a detailed insight into the molecular organization of the developing visual cortex in the earlier postnatal rat. The most obvious alteration of gene expression in visual cortex occurred in the first ten days. Our data were a basis to identify new relevant candidate genes that control visual cortex development.

Animals ; Gene Expression Profiling ; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental ; genetics ; physiology ; Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis ; Rats ; Visual Cortex ; metabolism

The somatic embryogenesis in plant is a very complicated and highly ordered process, which is regulated by many internal and external factors. Among them, gene expression and regulation are key factors. Genes encoding regulatory proteins, for example PLANT GROWTH ACTIVATOR, LEAFY COTYLEDON, BABY BOOM, SOMATIC EMBRYOGENESIS RECEPTOR-LIKE KINASE and PICKLE, interact with each other and form a complicated regulatory network. Recent progress on this regulatory network was reviewed on the basis of our study on the PLANT GROWTH ACTIVATOR 37 gene. In addition, future research perspectives on plant somatic embryogenesis were discussed.
Arabidopsis Proteins ; genetics ; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental ; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant ; Plant Development ; Plant Growth Regulators ; genetics ; Plant Somatic Embryogenesis Techniques ; Plants ; genetics ; Transcription Factors ; genetics

OBJECTIVEBased on previous study, authors used the suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH) technique to construct the forward and reverse subtractive cDNA libraries of consecutive monoulture Rehmannia glutinosa. Five genes related with consecutive monoculture problem of R. glutinosa were chosen from the each of two subtractive libraries. And their spatiotemporal expression was measured in order to explore the functions in consecutive monoculture problem of R. glutinosa.

METHODUsing the real-time quantitative PCR, we tested the relative expression values of the genes in different development stages and tissues of normal growth (one-year culturing) and consecutive monoculture (two-year culturing) R. glutinosa.

RESULTThe five genes (calcium-dependent protein kinase, s-adenosyl-methionine synthetase, Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate oxidase, methyltransferase, calpain), which were chosen from the forward library had high expression in consecutive monoculture R. glutinosa, especially in root, and were hardly expression in normal growth R. glutinosa. On the contrary, the other five genes (RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, RNA replicase, DNA-directed RNA polymerase IIa, cyclin D, RNA binding protein) chosen from the reverse library had high expression in one-year R. glutinosa, but were down regulated or shut down in consecutive monoculture R. glutinosa.

CONCLUSIONThe key genes, which regulate inessential metabolism parthway (such as cyclin D, DNA-directed RNA polymerase IIa), were restrained or shut down in consecutive monoculture R. glutinosa. Calcium and ethylene signaling might played key roles in the formation of consecutive monoculture problem, resulting in disturbing normal metabolic process and syndrome of disease in R. glutinosa appeared in turn.

Cell Culture Techniques ; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental ; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant ; Gene Library ; Plant Proteins ; genetics ; metabolism ; Rehmannia ; genetics ; growth & development ; metabolism

In plant, evocation of secondary metabolism is associated with complex biochemical and molecular events that are regulated by developmental and environmental factors. In order to get more information about Taxol biosynthesis, comparison of mRNA populations from Taxus chinensis cells during Taxol-synthesis phase and those during non-Taxol-synthesis phase were performed by mRNA differential display. The results suggested that genes specifically expressed in the Taxol-synthesis phase might be involved in Taxol biosynthesis.
Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental ; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant ; Paclitaxel ; biosynthesis ; RNA, Messenger ; genetics ; metabolism ; Taxus ; genetics ; growth & development ; metabolism ; Time Factors

OBJECTIVE: : To observe the expression of gene in the early development stage of wild zebrafish embryos. METHODS: : The collinearity of gene and the sequence similarity of G6pd protein were analyzed with gene database and BLAST software, respectively. Expression of gene in different development stages of zebrafish embryos was detected by hybridization. The -EGFP-pCS recombinant plasmids were microinjected into zebrafish embryos, and fluorescence was observed under a fluorescence microscope. The expression of G6pd protein at 24, 48 and 72 hour post fertilization (hpf) zebrafish embryos was detected by Western blotting; the enzyme activity of G6pd at 24, 48 and 72 hpf zebrafish embryos was detected by modified G6pd quantitative ratio method. RESULTS: : The G6pd protein similarity of zebrafish and human was 88%, and that of zebrafish and mouse was 87%. The results of hybridization showed that the gene was mainly expressed in the hematopoietic tissues of zebrafish; the results observed after microinjection of -EGFP-pCS recombinant plasmid were consistent with the results of hybridization. At 24, 48 and 72 hpf, the relative expression levels of G6pd protein in zebrafish embryos were 1.44±0.03, 1.47±0.05, and 1.54±0.02, respectively(>0.05); the G6pd enzyme activity levels were 1.74±0.17, 1.75±0.12, 1.71±0.22, respectively (>0.05). CONCLUSIONS : The study has observed the expression of gene and G6pd protein, and G6pd enzyme activity in zebrafish embryos at different development phases, which provides a reference for the establishment of a zebrafish G6PD deficiency model.
Animals ; Embryo, Nonmammalian ; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental ; Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase ; genetics ; Humans ; In Situ Hybridization ; Mice ; Plasmids ; genetics ; Zebrafish ; embryology ; genetics