In the binary of gender, women and femininity came to be associated with motherhood, nurturing, and beauty whilst men and masculinity were associated with productivity, protection, and strength. No longer are we to systematically categorize an individual's gender in terms of polar opposite of femininity and masculinity, but instead we must acknowledge all that resides in between those two poles and allow for identity terms that best express their sense of self. The term ‘transgender has become an umbrella term for a broader and more encompassing array of gender narratives outside of the binary norm of gender. Gender dysphoria is managed and treatable through psychotherapy and through the social and medical transition of gender. The support of transgender individuals' preferred gender through social acknowledgment, gender expression, hormone therapy, and surgery has been proven to alleviate symptoms of gender dysphoria in transgender people, enabling them to incorporate back into society.
Beauty ; Efficiency ; Female ; Femininity ; Gender Dysphoria ; Gender Identity ; Humans ; Male ; Masculinity ; Psychotherapy ; Transgender Persons*

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate sex role identity and family group characteristics among university students. METHOD: The participants of the study were 325 university students at S university in Seoul from September 1st to 30th, 2001 and from September 1st to 30th, 2003. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire, sex role identity scale, and family group characteristics type scale. Data were analyzed by frequency, means, t-test, Chi-square test, and Pearson's correlation in the SPSS Win Program. RESULT: In this study, there was a high prevalence of androgyny to female(31.9%) and masculinity to male(39.4%) university students. There was a significant difference between male and female students in sex role identity(p=.000). "Family concord" indicated a high mean score of family group characteristics (4.71+/-.80). There were significant differences between family group characteristics and masculinity and femininity type. CONCLUSION: There is a high relationship between family group characteristics and sex role identities of university students. It is necessary to explore the varied aspects of the androgyny concept, and further research is needed on factors of family group characteristics.
Female ; Femininity ; Gender Identity* ; Humans ; Male ; Masculinity ; Prevalence ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Seoul

PURPOSE: This study was performed to identify the relationship between PMS and sex role. METHOD: Data were collected from 417 female college students in Seoul and Gyeonggi-do area during the period from the 6th of September to the 15th of October in 2004. Collected data were analyzed using SPSS WIN 11.0. RESULT: The results of this study were as follows: 1) Perceived subjective symptoms were clustered endogenous depressive feature (2.76+/-.97), anxiety (2.76+/-1.09), and impulsivity (2.72+/-1.02). 2) PMS was significantly different according to the general characteristics of menarche age (F=5.910, p=.003), pain (F=7.886. p=.000) and family history (F=5.366, p=.005), masculinity was significantly different according to menarche age (F=3.174, p=.043), and femininity was significantly different according to menarche age (F=3.742, p=.025) and pain (F=3.256. p=.040). 3) Femininity and PMS were in a positive correlation with each other (r=.623. p=.000). CONCLUSION: This results showed that there is a significant correlation between PMS and sex role. For future research, it is recommended to identify major factors affecting PMS and the relationships between them and various subjects.
Anxiety ; Female ; Femininity ; Gender Identity* ; Gyeonggi-do ; Humans ; Impulsive Behavior ; Masculinity ; Menarche ; Premenstrual Syndrome* ; Seoul

PURPOSE: This study was done to identify types and characteristics of gender role identity from the perspectives of nursing students who experience challenges and maladjustments that are distinct from students in other departments because nursing students have a curriculum that includes both academic courses and clinical practice. METHODS: Q Methodology was used to examine differences in the meaning of gender role identity among individual students. Data from 40 women nursing students, using 40 Q samples representing masculinity and femininity, were collected and analyzed. RESULTS: The participants' responses were classified into three types: 'Affectionate-sensitive type' represented by those who share traditional Korean feminine characteristics and are delicately sensitive. 'Affectionate-assertive type' represented by those who have strong characteristics of warm leaders, and are responsive and confident. 'Sensitive-expressive type' represented by those who are excellent in communication and have high empathic ability. CONCLUSION: Nursing professors or counselors need to provide nursing students with guidance and counseling related to adaptation to school life, career exploration, and career choice based on the their type of gender role identity.
Career Choice ; Counseling ; Curriculum ; Female ; Femininity ; Gender Identity* ; Humans ; Masculinity ; Methods* ; Nursing* ; Students, Nursing*

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to identify the specific types and characteristics of gender role identity in view of male nursing students. METHOD: Q-methodology, a technique for extracting subjective opinions, was used. Forty participants completed the Q-sort activity, rating each statement relative to the others. The Q sample has two categories, representing masculinity and femininity, and each category has 20 statements, resulting in 40 adjectives. The collected data were analyzed by QUANL PC program. RESULTS: Three types of gender role identity of male nursing students were identified: 'Taciturn warmth type', 'assertive power type', 'empathic warmth type'. Despite the differences among the types in this research, male nursing students are likely to have the understanding and keep faith. CONCLUSION: Male nursing students were exposed to many problems because of the gendered culture of nursing education. To understand the male nursing students' gender role identity will help to promote adaptation in nursing field.
Education, Nursing ; Femininity ; Gender Identity* ; Humans ; Male ; Masculinity ; Nursing ; Q-Sort ; Students, Nursing*

PURPOSE: This study was performed to develope a scale of gender role identity in Korean adults based on the Bem's theory of androgyny. Although there were several tools in Korea, they were revealed having some problems of cultural differences, translation biases, and methodological problems. METHODS: A list of 78 items were developed using the existing tools and descriptions from 5 married couples. The items were the typical personality characteristics which were manifested by gender, male or female. And the list contained several items which were the socially desirable personality characteristics. which would be simply used as contextual items. Validity of the 78 items were screened by 18 expert panels with 4 point Likert scale, and 57 items were judged as highly valid from 70% of the experts, which were selected as preliminary items for the tool. Using the preliminary tool which was developed as a 4 point Likert scale, data were collected from 1,127 subjects for item analysis and factor analysis. 53 items were remained, because 4 items whose item-total correlation were lower than 0.2 were excluded by the result of item analysis. Factor analysis was done with the 53 items, and 49 items whose factor loadings were same and higher than 0.4 were remained. 3 factors were identified with eigen value 2.0, and these factors were named as masculinity, femininity, and social desirability. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: KGRII(Korean Gender Role Identity Inventory) which contained 45 items was developed, with 15 items for 3 factors. The reliability of the tool was very high. Cronbach alpha of the tool was 0.929, and alpha of the subscales were ranged from 0.841 to 0.922.
Adult ; Bias (Epidemiology) ; Family Characteristics ; Female ; Femininity ; Gender Identity* ; Humans ; Korea ; Male ; Masculinity ; Social Desirability

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to explore gender-role identity and cyber delinquency in high school students. METHODS: Data were collected through self-administered questionnaires and analyzed by descriptive statistics, t-test, and ANOVA. The data survey was conducted with 1,208 conveniently selected high school students in Seoul, Gyung-gi and Chung-chung province. RESULTS: The cyber delinquency score was 38.94 and androgyny gender role identity was most common (34.0%). There were significant differences in cyber delinquency by academic year, gender, school record, economic status, educational background of parents, experiences of smoking, drinking, runaway, and gender-role identity. According to gender-role identity, the masculinity group showed highest cyber delinquency and the undifferentiated, androgyny, and femininity groups followed respectively. CONCLUSION: These findings are expected to make a contribution to creation of ideal interventions and to help discover early stage cyber delinquency in high school students as approached by gender role identity.
Adolescent ; Child ; Drinking ; Educational Status ; Femininity ; Gender Identity ; Homeless Youth ; Humans ; Juvenile Delinquency ; Masculinity ; Parents ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Seoul ; Smoke ; Smoking

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to explore gender-role identity and cyber delinquency in high school students. METHODS: Data were collected through self-administered questionnaires and analyzed by descriptive statistics, t-test, and ANOVA. The data survey was conducted with 1,208 conveniently selected high school students in Seoul, Gyung-gi and Chung-chung province. RESULTS: The cyber delinquency score was 38.94 and androgyny gender role identity was most common (34.0%). There were significant differences in cyber delinquency by academic year, gender, school record, economic status, educational background of parents, experiences of smoking, drinking, runaway, and gender-role identity. According to gender-role identity, the masculinity group showed highest cyber delinquency and the undifferentiated, androgyny, and femininity groups followed respectively. CONCLUSION: These findings are expected to make a contribution to creation of ideal interventions and to help discover early stage cyber delinquency in high school students as approached by gender role identity.
Adolescent ; Child ; Drinking ; Educational Status ; Femininity ; Gender Identity ; Homeless Youth ; Humans ; Juvenile Delinquency ; Masculinity ; Parents ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Seoul ; Smoke ; Smoking

Background: Visual images are used to communicate health effectively, yet visual gender representation in the context of health is not well established as most studies focused on effectiveness, awareness, adoption, or behavior change. Objectives: This study explored emerging gender myths in visual images used to communicate reproductive health, maternal health, family and nutrition, breastfeeding, and childcare with the premise that visuals may shape notions of gender roles and identities. Methodology: Selected images from flipcharts produced by development communication practitioners were analyzed using Kress and Van Leeuwen's social semiotics (2006). Interpretive visual analysis was used to analyze visual impacts (denotation) and cultural meanings (connotation) by Barthes' Order of Signification, and gender roles and identity naturalized by the images. Results: Images for health communication used more women as subjects relative to the topics that are primarily women's concern. The subject's gaze were indirect offered as items of information, showing a relation of symbolic equality, and implying that health topics are part of the social discourse. Visual impacts and cultural meanings of images uncovered myths that embody the roles, and identities, and social expectations of men and women in health. Emerging gender myths have to do with anatomy, mainly as basis for the role, identity, and expectations, especially of women as main actors in health. Conclusion This study reveals that gender roles and identities portrayed in health are still universal and are not historically and culturally contingent.
Gender Role ; Gender Identity

PURPOSE: To investigate the influence of cryptorchidism on the testicular volume and gender identity of young men within a community. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Of 27,202 men, aged 20 years, within the community, a 10% sampling fraction was randomly selected, of which 2,080 (a response rate 77.0%) agreed to participate in the study. All volunteers underwent a standard evaluation, including a detailed medical history and physical examination. To evaluate the influence of cryptorchidism on gender identity, we used the Bem Sex Role Inventory (BSRI) in the men without testicular disease, but who were observed to have cryptorchidism on physical examination, or had a history of operation for cryptorchidism. RESULTS: Of the participants, 38 (1.8%) were observed to have cryptorchidism, or had a history of operation for cryptorchidism (right; 15, left; 21, bilateral; 2). Of these patients, 29 had a history of operation, with a mean age at the time of operation of 8.9+/-3.9 years, ranging from 2 to 19 years. Of the 36 patients with unilateral cryptorchidism, the contralateral testicular volume of the men that underwent an orchiopexy was no different to that of those that underwent an orchiectomy or that had no operation at all. Comparing the masculinity and femininity scores, using the BSRI between the orchiopexy and normal groups, the masculinity score of the orchiopexy group was lower than that of the normal group. CONCLUSIONS: Our results demonstrate that a delayed orchiopexy does not improve the growth of the testicular volume on the affected side, or the masculine identity, in men with unilateral cryptorchidism. In addition, these findings suggest that there is a need to increase the awareness related to cryptorchidism amongst all parties involved in the health care of children.
Adolescent* ; Child ; Cryptorchidism* ; Delivery of Health Care ; Femininity ; Gender Identity* ; Humans ; Male ; Masculinity ; Orchiectomy ; Orchiopexy ; Physical Examination ; Prevalence ; Testicular Diseases ; Testis ; Volunteers