Background: Visual images are used to communicate health effectively, yet visual gender representation in the context of health is not well established as most studies focused on effectiveness, awareness, adoption, or behavior change. Objectives: This study explored emerging gender myths in visual images used to communicate reproductive health, maternal health, family and nutrition, breastfeeding, and childcare with the premise that visuals may shape notions of gender roles and identities. Methodology: Selected images from flipcharts produced by development communication practitioners were analyzed using Kress and Van Leeuwen's social semiotics (2006). Interpretive visual analysis was used to analyze visual impacts (denotation) and cultural meanings (connotation) by Barthes' Order of Signification, and gender roles and identity naturalized by the images. Results: Images for health communication used more women as subjects relative to the topics that are primarily women's concern. The subject's gaze were indirect offered as items of information, showing a relation of symbolic equality, and implying that health topics are part of the social discourse. Visual impacts and cultural meanings of images uncovered myths that embody the roles, and identities, and social expectations of men and women in health. Emerging gender myths have to do with anatomy, mainly as basis for the role, identity, and expectations, especially of women as main actors in health. Conclusion This study reveals that gender roles and identities portrayed in health are still universal and are not historically and culturally contingent.
Gender Role ; Gender Identity

Background: Normally, gender of human is indentified according to enternal sexual organ. However in several cases the patient\u2019s gender is not able to identify based on enternal sexual organ. In these cases test for gender identification is need. Objectives: Identify relationship between clinical condition of the external sexual organ and sexual chromosome. Subjects and method: 119 patients with diagnosis of \u201cunclear gender identification\ufffd?made by hospitals in Ha noi. Culture of peripheral blood, analyze sexual chromosome, comparing with gender indentification proposed in neonatal period and gender indentified by physical at time of examination. Results: 87/119 cases (73,11%) have male sexual chromosome. According of gender proposed in neonatal period to sexual chromosome are 76,90% for children considered \u201cboy\ufffd?and only 33,33% for \u201cgirl\ufffd? The according percentage is higher at time of examination (mean age is 6,4 years old). There are 4 cases of female phenotype with XY sexual chromosome. Conclusion: In cases with unclear gender identification in neonatal period: 73,11% cases have male sexual chromosome (XY). Apprasal gender at neonatal period is difficulty accurate, especialy for children considered girl (the according rate is only 33,33%). \ufffd?Detect 4 cases of \u201ctesticular femiuization\ufffd?
Sex Chromosomes ; Gender Identity ;

Undetermined gender divided into 4 groups including female pseudohermaphroditism, male pseudohermaphroditism, true pseudohermaphroditism and others. This paper introduced the studies on the causes, diagnosis and treatment of 4 above mentioned groups of diseases. The approach methods of causative diagnosis of undetermined gender (ambiguous genitalia) including clinical approaches, chromosome tests, biochemical tests, genital tract X-ray and genital biopsy.
Gender Identity ; Genitalia

Five key policy recommendations were generated from the presentations and discussions in the Global Assembly on Everyday Life, Gender, and Sexuality. The rich source of information supporting the recommendations was the exploration of effective methods of promoting social change through education and research from networks and partnerships. The movement created by collective and participatory approaches in policy development counters the limitations of some societies where gender and sexuality are taboo. Enabling laws is essential, but the implementing guidelines should consider the real-world experience and realize that adequate infrastructure, processes, and resources are necessary. Education of the people on gender and sexuality must start early in life to plant a seed to develop values that uphold respect for human rights and civic responsibility.
Gender Identity ; Sexuality

Background: Gender identification by using skeletal identification is an important tool in forensic, medico-legal, bioarkeology, and anthropology. Traditional morphological methods depended on the anthropologist subjectivity that caused a significant difference among the observer. This study aims to develop the discriminant function for gender prediction in a Surabaya-Indonesia population age ranges 15-25-year-olds by using a panoramic radiograph. This research used 273 panoramic radiographs consisted of 129 male panoramic radiographs and 144 female panoramic radiographs. The researchers measured 11 parameters of the jaw such as two gonial angles, two mandibular ramus heights, two mandibular ramus widths, two mandibular corpus lengths, two nasal line maxilla, and anterior mandibular corpus heights. The researchers analyzed the data by using the discriminant analysis of the IBM SPSS statistic 24. Results: The result of our study shows there were significant differences in the jaw morphometry between males and females, except the mandibular ramus widths. The jaw size in males was larger than that of the female. The biggest dimorphism variables based on the Wilks lambda value were gonial angles, mandibular ramus heights, mandibular corpus lengths, and nasal lines. While the smallest dimorphism variables were mandibular ramus widths. The accuracy of discriminant analysis for each variable ranges from 47.3% to 93.8%. Conclusion This preliminary study in Surabaya-Indonesia population age ranges 15-25-year-olds by using panoramic radiograph shows the highest accuracy of gender prediction by using discriminant function was obtained from the combination of the nine jaw parameters.
Gender Identity ; Maxilla

Children and healthy volunteers aged 1-60 years old. In the morning, blood cortisol in female subject aged 9-12 is higher than in male and the blood level of cortisol is highest at the age group of 21-40. In aldult volunteer, blood level is highest in morning and lowest in evening (only 50% vessus morning value). In the morning there is no difference between male – female in the same locality and the difference of value is no significant between 3 various location
Blood ; Geographic Locations ; Gender Identity ; Hydrocortisone

Subjects: Amniotic liquids of 25-35 pregnant women in labor. Method: single blind DNA from 1.5 ml of amniotic liquid is reacted by PCR which show that the specific pair of AMELA and AMELB help for synthesis of gene TDF is decision factor for male gender belonging the short sequence of chromosome. The product of reaction will indicate the fetal gender. The correct of technique is 86.7%, and rest is false negative.
Fetus ; Gender Identity ; Polymerase Chain Reaction

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to explore the structure and characteristics among college students' gender-role identity. METHOD: The study used a Q-method to measure college students' gender-role identity types. Korean Gender Role Identity Inventory(KGRII) formed the Q sample. The P sample consisted of a convenience sample of 44 college students. Q statements were written on separate cards and were given to the subjects to sort according to degree of agreement or disagreement. The Q-sorts by each subject were coded and analyzed with the Quanl PC program. RESULT: From data, three types were extracted. Three types showed a low correlation with each other, and accounted for 41 percent of the variance of the participants. The first type, a 'sex-role transcendence', expresses warm, humane, and kind. The second type, a 'masculinity intention type', has leadership, activity, power, and initiative. And the third type, a 'femininity intention type' pursues emotional, expressive, delicate and tactful. CONCLUSION: This paper classifies and subdivides three types of gender-role identity in college students. It helps understanding of gender-role identity, and further developing a sense of value and attitude related to gender identity in college students.
Gender Identity ; Humans ; Intention ; Leadership ; Q-Sort

PURPOSE: The purpose of this research wasto examine the relationships between gender role attitudes and barriers in Korean nurses when addressing patients' sexual health. METHOD: The sample for this study was a convenience sample of Korean nurses who worked in hospitals in Seoul and Jeonju. Data were collected between November 2008 and January 2009. RESULTS: Nurses showed less traditional gender role attitudes with means score of 40.72 (SD=3.99) of a possible 10 to 50 range. The barriers to addressing patients' sexual health were moderate in these nurses with a mean score of 44.92 (SD=7.66) of a possible 12 to 60 range. There were significant correlations between gender role attitudes and barriers to addressing patients' sexual health (r= -.142, p= .007). Nurses with less traditional gender role attitudes felt more barriers to addressing patients' sexual health. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates a need for educational programs that will improve the problem-solving abilities of nurses in a hospital environment and help them gain ground as sexual health specialists. The results may contribute to the development and application of a patient-centered sexual health-related curriculum, which would aid nurses in addressing sexual concerns of their patients.
Curriculum ; Gender Identity ; Humans ; Reproductive Health ; Specialization

Background: Tuberculosis (TB) Patient Support Groups (PSGs) are important in strengthening gender dimensions of TB response because gender-blind strategies aggravate the impact of gender inequalities in TB disease elimination. The study aimed to describe the patterns in issues and challenges faced by TB patients as women, men, or Lesbian/Gay/Bisexual/Transgender/Queer/Intersex (LGBTQI); as well as the potentials and program support needs of TB PSGs using the sociological and demographical gender lenses. Objectives: The objective of the study is twofold: to describe the issues, situations and challenges that are faced by the TB patients as women, men, or LGBTQI and; determine the challenges, potentials and program support needs of the TB PSGs using the gender lens. Methodology: Through purposive and maximum variation sampling, a total of 35 respondents — 46% women, 31% men, 23% LGBTQI from Luzon, Visayas, Mindanao and National Capital Region – participated in the study. They completed questionnaires with closed and open-ended questions, and were interviewed for validation. Quantitative data described proportions of variables stratified according to gender. Qualitative data were analyzed through Grounded Theory approach of open coding, axial coding, and selective coding towards themes, theories and logic diagrams. Central to the research design was Transformative Mixed Methods to incorporate social justice and community participation. Results and Conclusion Unique gender themes in mental health and human capital, as well as gender-targeted case finding framework, were revealed. Moreover, social constructs on gender roles and catastrophic costs associated with Tuberculosis were perceived as major impediments to TB treatment completion. Results of this study may be used for development of policies and models for TB services with focus on gender, human rights and patient-centeredness.
Tuberculosis ; Patient-Centered Care ; Gender Identity