No abstract available.

No abstract available.
Birth Weight* ; Leukocytes* ; Parturition* ; Zinc*

No abstract available.
Ligaments* ; Pelvic Organ Prolapse*

No abstract available.
Leiomyoma*

No abstract available.
Animals ; Female ; Horns* ; Humans ; Uterus*

Purpose: Eph receptors are differentially expressed in numerous malignant tumors. This study intended to analyze the roles of EphB receptors (EphB2, B3, and B4) in urinary bladder cancer. Materials and Methods: Tissue microarray-based immunohistochemical analysis was used to investigate the expression patterns of EphB2, EphB3, and EphB4 in 154 bladder cancer specimens. Immunohistochemical staining was conducted examining the extent of stained cells and staining intensity. EphB was considered to be highly expressed when the intensity of staining was more than moderate in >25% of cells in the tissue section. Small interfering RNA (siRNA) was used to knock down EphB expression in bladder cancer cell lines (T24, 5637) to determine the effects of EphB on tumor cell invasion, proliferation, and migration. Results: EphB receptors (B2, B3, and B4) were detected in 40.9% (EphB2, 63/154), 71.4% (EphB3, 110/154), and 53.2% (EphB4, 82/154) of bladder cancer specimens. Low expression of EphB2, B3, and B4 receptors were significantly associated with higher tumor grade (EphB2, p<0.001; EphB3, p=0.032; EphB4, p<0.001) and muscular invasion (EphB2, p=0.002; EphB3, p=0.009; EphB4, p<0.001). No obvious correlation was observed with other clinicopathological variables, such as age, sex, recurrence, lymph node involvement, metastasis, and overall survival. Inactivation of EphB receptors by siRNA transfection increased cell viability, tumor cell invasion, proliferation, and migration in comparison with untransfected cancer cells. Conclusion Low expression of EphB receptors (B2, B3, and B4) can be a predictive marker for muscular invasion of bladder cancer.

Purpose: Eph receptors are differentially expressed in numerous malignant tumors. This study intended to analyze the roles of EphB receptors (EphB2, B3, and B4) in urinary bladder cancer. Materials and Methods: Tissue microarray-based immunohistochemical analysis was used to investigate the expression patterns of EphB2, EphB3, and EphB4 in 154 bladder cancer specimens. Immunohistochemical staining was conducted examining the extent of stained cells and staining intensity. EphB was considered to be highly expressed when the intensity of staining was more than moderate in >25% of cells in the tissue section. Small interfering RNA (siRNA) was used to knock down EphB expression in bladder cancer cell lines (T24, 5637) to determine the effects of EphB on tumor cell invasion, proliferation, and migration. Results: EphB receptors (B2, B3, and B4) were detected in 40.9% (EphB2, 63/154), 71.4% (EphB3, 110/154), and 53.2% (EphB4, 82/154) of bladder cancer specimens. Low expression of EphB2, B3, and B4 receptors were significantly associated with higher tumor grade (EphB2, p<0.001; EphB3, p=0.032; EphB4, p<0.001) and muscular invasion (EphB2, p=0.002; EphB3, p=0.009; EphB4, p<0.001). No obvious correlation was observed with other clinicopathological variables, such as age, sex, recurrence, lymph node involvement, metastasis, and overall survival. Inactivation of EphB receptors by siRNA transfection increased cell viability, tumor cell invasion, proliferation, and migration in comparison with untransfected cancer cells. Conclusion Low expression of EphB receptors (B2, B3, and B4) can be a predictive marker for muscular invasion of bladder cancer.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study is to identify where and how adolescents acquire cigarettes and how many were asked for identification while purchasing cigarettes. METHODS: This study was conducted in 2003; participants were 2,200 students in middle and high schools, aged from 13 to 18 years old(males 1,098; females 1,102) in Ansan, Korea. The questionnaire assured them of anonymity, and self-administered in school. The data was analyzed with chi- square test for trends. RESULTS: The prevalence of smoking was about 20 percent among respondents, was higher in males than in females, and in older students than in younger students(P<0.001). The most frequent source of cigarettes was purchased from a store(36.3 percent). About 29.2 percent of the students borrowed from friends or family members. By sex, the main sources of cigarettes were purchase from a store and borrowing. Younger students were borrowed more cigarettes; older students purchased more cigarettes from stores. Only 48.8 percent were asked for proof of age during their purchase. Of those asked for proof of age, about 73.3 percent answered that this made it difficult to buy cigarettes(P< 0.001), and they thought that it was more difficult when asked for a photo ID than simply being asked their age(P=0.019). CONCLUSION: So far, there has been no systemic prevention of adolescents' smoking. It is difficult for minors to purchase cigarettes if asked for proof of age, but most minors go to stores to purchase cigarettes. Therefore, prevention efforts should include educating retailers not to sell cigarettes to minors and enforcing existing laws requiring youth to provide proof of age when attempting to buy cigarettes.
Adolescent ; Anonyms and Pseudonyms ; Female ; Friends ; Gyeonggi-do ; Humans ; Jurisprudence ; Korea ; Male ; Prevalence ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Smoke* ; Smoking* ; Tobacco Products*

PURPOSE: We compared the reproducibility of 201Tl and 99mTc-sestamibi (MIBI) gated SPECT measurement of myocardial function using the Germano algorithm. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Gated SPECT acquisition was repeated in the same position in 30 patients who received 201Tl and in 26 who received 99mTc-MIBI. The quantification of end-diastolic volume (EDV), end-systolic volume (ESV), and ejection fraction (EF) on 201Tl and 99mTc-MIBI gated SPECT was processed independently using Cedars quantitative gated SPECT software. The reproducibility of the assessment of myocardial function on 201Tl gated SPECT was compared with that of 99mTc-MIBI gated SPECT. RESULTS: Correlation between the two measurements for volumes and EF was excellent by the repeated gated SPECT studies of 201Tl (r=0.928 to 0.986; p<0.05) and 99mTc-MIBI (r=0.979 to 0.997; p<0.05). However, Bland Altman analysis revealed the 95% limits of agreement (2 SD) for volumes and EF were tighter by repeated 99mTc-MIBI gated SPECT (EDV: 14.1 ml, ESV: 9.4 ml and EF: 5.5%) than by repeated 201Tl gated SPECT (EDV: 24.1 ml, ESV: 18.6 ml and EF: 10.3%). The root mean square (RMS) values of the coefficient of variation (CV) for volumes and EFs were smaller by repeated 99mTc-MIBI gated SPECT (EDV: 2.1 ml, ESV: 2.7 ml and EF: 2.3%) than by repeated 201Tl gated SPECT (EDV: 3.2 ml, ESV: 3.5 ml and EF: 5.2%). CONCLUSION: 99mTc-MIBI provides more reproducible volumes and EF than 201Tl on repeated acquisition gated SPECT. 99mTc-MIBI gated SPECT is the preferable method for the clinical monitoring of myocardial function.
Humans ; Perfusion* ; Technetium Tc 99m Sestamibi ; Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-Photon*

No abstract available.
Female ; Gynecologic Surgical Procedures* ; Humans ; Nutrition Assessment* ; Postoperative Complications*