OBJECTIVE: To explore the materials and selection of esophageal stents, and to discuss the application of covered stants in treating esophageal malignant stenosis.METHODS: CNKI and Medline databases were retrieved by computer for papers published from 1980 to 2009 with search terms of "esophageal carcinoma, esophageal stenosis, esophageal stent, and fabric-covered metallic stent". The language was limited for Chinese and English. A total of 61 iteratures were initial searched by computer, according to inclusive and exclusive criteria, 29 literatures were selected by the first author. Problems including esophageal stent category, material selection, as well as application of covered stents in treating esophageal malignant stenosis were reviewed and summarized.RESULTS: Totally 29 literatures were included in this paper. No concealed allocation or blinding method was described in the literatures. According to preparing materials, the stents could be divided into stainless metal stent, memory metallic stent and polyester plastic stent. As tissue-engineered materials, stents could be assigned into biodegradable polymer matrix stent and non-degradable biodegradable polymers stent. Each material stent possesses distinct advantage and disadvantage. The covered stents could relief esophageal stenosis effectively, interrupt tumor growth, and prevent restenosis. CONCLUSION: As a palliative therapy for treating esophageal malignant stenosis, covered stents can elevate patients' life quality and prolong survival times.

The side effects of cesarean with the increasing rate section began to attract the attention of pediatricians in recent years. Previous studies reported that the incidence of neonatal pnermothorax by full-term cesarean section, especially selective cesarean section, was significantly higher than vaginal birth or non-selective cesarean section. In addition, with an extensive establishment of NICUs in China and widely use of mechanical ventilation, the rate of successful neonatal rescue was improved obviously, but the incidence of pneumothorax was increasing. Studies suggested that the incidence of neonatal iatrogenic pneumothorax was highly relevant with selective cesarean section and mechanical ventilation. The indications for cesarean section and mechanical ventilation should be carefully considered.

Objective:To evaluate the effects of early administration of dexmedetomidine on benzodiazepine ( BZD) requirements of intensive care unit ( ICU) patients with alcohol withdrawal syndrome ( AWS) .Methods:Totally 60 adult patients with severe AWS were chosen and randomly divided into groups A and group B with 30 patients in each .The patients in group A received benzodiazepine simultaneously with early administration of dexmedetomidine , and those in group B received only benzodiazepine .After the first admin-istration of dexmedetomidine , the 24-h cumulative BZD requirement , stay length in ICU and hospital , condition of mechanical ventila-tion and incidence of hypotension and bradycardia were recorded .Results:The 24-h cumulative BZD requirement in group A was obvi-ously lower than that in group B [(8.6 ±1.2) mg vs (25.6 ±4.9) mg, P<0.05].The number of patients with mechanical ventila-tion in the two groups was similar, while the duration of intubation in group A was less than that in group B [(24.9 3.1) h vs (48.8 6.9) h, P<0.05].Additionally, group A had higher incidence of bradycardia when compared with group B (57% vs 13%, P<0.05).Conclusion:As the adjuvant treatment for alcohol withdrawal syndrome , early administration of dexmedetomidine can notably decrease the benzodiazepine requirement of ICU patients .

Objective To investigate the women during pregnancy because of various reason caused by the impact of diabetes on perinatal outcome.Methods The delivery 24-28 weeks pregnant or first diagnosed more than 28 weeks after the gynecology clinic diagnosis with diabetes in 125 singleton pregnant women and newborns were selected as the research object of study.Except giving birth to the same period 95 cases of normal of diabetes single fetus of pregnant women and their newborn for the control group.The complications of pregnancy and gestational age,birth and neonatal intrauterine nutrition status,mode of delivery,neonatal asphyxia,hypoglycemia and jaundice,case analysis,comparison.Results The two groups in the average age,average number of pregnancy pregnancy and intrauterine nutrition(group GDM,PI =2.717,control group 2.469) and the rate of neonatal asphyxia were not statistically significant(P ＞ 0.05).GDM group of 71 cases of cesarean section,natural childbirth in 54 cases,31 cases of control group difference and 64 cases,very significant differences between the two groups (x2 =12.678,P ＜ 0.01),group GDM,the incidence of neonatal jaundice neonatal hypoglycemia respectively 18.4%,24%,and 7.4% in the control group,there was significant difference compared with 12.6% (x2 =4.500,5.577,all P ＜0.05).Conclusion Gestational diabetes is the important reason which caused by adverse perinatal outcome.

A comparative study was made for evaluation of peripheral blood T lymphocyte subsets in child (40 days) and adult (5-6 months)rats.There was significant difference between child and adult rats in peripheral blood T cell subsets: in the child, there were more OX-l9+(pan T cell)and W3/25+(Th/i cell) cells, and less OX-8+ (Ts/c cell)cells as compared to the adult. In W3/25+ and OX-8+ subsets, however, the fluorescence intensity of cell surface in FCM histogram presented oppositc trend in comparison with the percentage of these cells. It is assumed that the reason resulting in such change is either T cell maturation of the down regulation of T cell antigen receptors.The data described here are provided with some important information for further study in rat T cell maturation.

The feasibility and safety of non - operative treatment of splenic rupture were assessed experimentally in rats.All the experimental animals survived except that there was one death in the group with complete laceration of all the layers of the spleen and in the group with comminuted rupture of the spleen respectively.Non-operative treatment was used to treat 7 cases of single rupture of the spleen with satisfactory results.These findings suggest that non -operative treatment is an effective and safe procedure for the management of blunt injury of the spleen when hemodynamics of the patient is stable.

The structure of collagen fibers in the loose and dense connective tissues, from various sources (central tendon of dog diaphragm, tentorium cerebelli of hen, pericardium of adult man, etc.) were investigated with light microscope (LM), transmitting electron microscope (TEM) with ultra thin sections cut after reembedding with epoxy resin following orientation under LM, and ultrathin section under TEM coordinated with the semithin section under LM. It was observed that: (1) The logitudinal striated structure within the so called collagen fibers and the collagen fiber without the logitudinal striated structure under LM are all the closely arranged collagen fibril bundle in which the space between the fibrils is narrower than 0.2?m under TEM. So that both must belong to the same grade. (2) The collagen fibrils in vivo may be singlely dispersed, or in double, or in bundles formed from 3 to hundreds of fibrils; the space between fibrils varied closely to several ?m. (3) The diameter of collagen fibrils is genera ly 20—200 nm, but there are also thicker or thiner fibrils. According to these and other previous works, we suggest the following points on the nomenclature: (1) The collagen fibril is the collagen structure which has generally the diameter of 20—200nm and the cross striations of 64—70nm along its longitudinal axis under EM It should no longer be Called the collagen microfibril. (2) The collagen fiber is the bundle which is composed of three or more closely arranging collagen fibrils bound by a small amount of cement substance. Under EM, the space between the bundles is larger than 0.2?m but the space between the fibrils within the bundle is narrower than 0.2?m. Under LM, the collagen fiber is the structure without the visible subunit filament and may branch and anastomose- each other. (3) The collection of collagen fibers should be called collagen fiber bundle. It includes the so called "collagen fibers" (old routine nomenclature) with the visible subunit filaments under LM. This nomenclature should remove the confusion on the structural grading of collagen fibers and unify the concept of collagen fiber under LM with that under EM.

41 biopsies of rami cutaneous dorsalis of nerve peronaeus superficalis in neuro-pathies(12 inherited,8 dysglobulinemia,8 infective,3 vascular,3 other,7 unknown)and 9 biopsies from normal man were observed under electron microscope.It wasfound that 10 oud of the 4 biopsies(24%)oud 4 of the 9 biopsies(44%)had theperineurial canalicular system.The perineurial canalicular system can be divided into 2gradations.(1)The perineurial microcanaliculus consists of 1-2 layers of the perineurialcells,the lumen was irregular;(2)The perineurial canaliculus consists of 1-3 layers ofthe perineurial cells,the lumen was more regular.The luminal surface of the perineu-rial cells had no basal lamina but the external surface of them had basal lamina.The density in the luminal contents obviously lower than that of outside and glyc-ogen-like granules and myelin-like substance could be seen within the lumen.Pino-cytotic vesicles in the perineurial cells of the canalicular wall opened into the lum-inal surface.These canaliculi extraordinarily twisted between the perineurial cells ofvarious layers and the diameter of the lumen was generally 0.1-2.7?m.The originof the canaliculi situated in the inner layer of perineurium was separated from thesubperineurial space with complete basal lamina and intercellular space that contain-ed basal lamina-like substance between perineurial cells.Their termination was notknown yet.The role and function of the perineurial canalicular system were discuss-ed.

Objective:To evaluate the in vitro cytotoxicity,in vivo response and degradation of a new injectable nano-hydroxyapatite(n-HA)/calcium sulphate hemihydrate(CSH) bone substitute in rabbits and to discuss its possible bio-degeneration mechanism.Methods: Pure CSH,n-HA,10%n-HA+CSH,20%n-HA+CSH,and 40%n-HA+CSH(the last 3 containing 10%,20%,and 40% n-HA,respectively) were subjected to MTT assay for their in vitro cytotoxicities.20%n-HA+CSH was implanted into rabbits' muscle and bone defects in the right femur,and the general conditions of rabbits,the pathological and TEM manifestations of tissues,and the imaging alterations were all observed 5 days,2,3,4,6,8,and 12 weeks after implantation.Results: Test of cytotoxicity showed that the average cell proliferation rate was over 77% after treated with the solutions of 5 bone substitutes(P

The paper briefly reports the preliminary research results,focusing on the pathogenesis,mechanisms and interference strategies of glaucoma and myopia.(1)The myocilin gene has been found a mutation in Pro370Leu in GZ.1 and PN.1 glaucoma pedigrees,and the theory of protein misfolding and mitochondria dysfunction in glaucoma was then firefly elucidated.We further explored the modulation of wound healing by siRNA,neuro-protection by targeting drugs with drug deliver system and stem cells/iPS in glaucoma therapy,which offer a revolutionary strategy for glaucoma:differential treatment for specific stages.(2)Natural myopia model was successfully established in rhesus monkeys and retinal mechanisms and central nervous system were both found to play an important role during myopia development,and a variety of new optical interventions were therefore employed on human beings by series of randomized,controlled,double-masked prospective clinical trials.All these preliminary results offer a new insight into the new model for the diagnosis and treatment of glaucoma and myopia.