Bariatric surgery is the most effective treatment for obesity and its comorbidities, but mechanisms of bariatric surgery remain unknown. In addition to volume restriction and malabsorption, gut hormones, bile acids, adipokines, intestinal microbiome and central nervous system may be the potential mechanisms.
Bariatric Surgery ; Gastrointestinal Hormones ; Humans ; Intestines ; microbiology ; Microbiota ; Obesity

PURPOSE: Gum chewing activates chephalic-vagal reflex as in food consumption and increases the release of gastrointestinal hormones which are related with gut motility. The objective of this study was to assess whether it is effective in shortening the time of hospitalization and postoperative ileus. METHODS: Twenty patients who received open abdominal surgery for colon cancer in Gachon University, Gil Hospital were collected. They were further categorized to gum-chewing group (n=10, mean age=52.0 years, range 37 to 70) and control group (n=10, mean age=59.7 years, range 35 to 75) randomly. The patients in the gum-chewing group chewed gum three times a day from the first postoperative AM until the day they began oral intake. The time of gas out was recorded in each group. RESULTS: The mean time of gas out were 2.35 days (SD 1.2) in gum-chewing group and 2.87 days (SD 1.2) in control group (P=0.41). The mean postoperative hospital days were 10.5 days in gum-chewing group and 13.0 days in control group (P=0.23). CONCLUSION: There were no statistically significant results for shortnening of postoperative ileus and hospital day in this study.
Colonic Neoplasms ; Gastrointestinal Hormones ; Gingiva ; Hospitalization ; Humans ; Ileus ; Mastication ; Reflex

OBJECTIVETo observe therapeutic effect of thread embedding therapy on chronic gastritis.

METHODSSeventy cases of chronic gastritis were randomly divided into the treatment group (n = 36) treated by thread embedding therapy and the control group (n = 34) by acupuncture. Weishu (BL 21), Zhongwan (CV 12) and Zusanli (ST 36) were selected as main points. And plasma contents of cAMP, cGMP, gastrin and substance P were observed before and after treatment.

RESULTSThe total effective rate was 88.89% in the treatment group and 76.47% in the control group with a significant difference between the two groups (P < 0.05); there were significant differences before and after treatment in plasma contents of cAMP, cGMP, gastrin and substance P in the two groups (P < 0.01), and the changes of these indexes in the treatment group were significantly superior to the control group (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONThread embedding therapy has a definite therapeutic effect on chronic gastritis and it can adjust nucleotides, gastrin and substance P to improve the functions of the nerve-endocrine-immunity network.

Animals ; Continental Population Groups ; Diet ; Gastrointestinal Microbiome ; Gastrointestinal Tract ; Gonadal Steroid Hormones ; Humans ; Microbiota ; Sex Characteristics

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Nutrient-induced gut hormone release (eg, cholecystokinin [CCK]) and the modulation of gut motility (particularly pyloric stimulation) contribute to the regulation of acute energy intake. Non-caloric bitter compounds, including quinine, have recently been shown in cell-line and animal studies to stimulate the release of gastrointestinal hormones by activating bitter taste receptors expressed throughout the gastrointestinal tract, and thus, may potentially suppress energy intake without providing additional calories. This study aims to evaluate the effects of intraduodenally administered quinine on antropyloroduodenal pressures, plasma CCK and energy intake. METHODS: Fourteen healthy, lean men (25 ± 5 years; BMI: 22.5 ± 2.0 kg/m²) received on 4 separate occasions, in randomized, double-blind fashion, 60-minute intraduodenal infusions of quinine hydrochloride at doses totaling 37.5 mg (“Q37.5”), 75 mg (“Q75”) or 225 mg (“Q225”), or control (all 300 mOsmol). Antropyloroduodenal pressures (high-resolution manometry), plasma CCK (radioimmunoassay), and appetite perceptions/gastrointestinal symptoms (visual analog questionnaires) were measured. Ad libitum energy intake (buffet-meal) was quantified immediately post-infusion. Oral quinine taste-thresholds were assessed on a separate occasion using 3-alternative forced-choice procedure. RESULTS: All participants detected quinine orally (detection-threshold: 0.19 ± 0.07 mmol/L). Intraduodenal quinine did not affect antral, pyloric or duodenal pressures, plasma CCK (pmol/L [peak]; control: 3.6 ± 0.4, Q37.5: 3.6 ± 0.4, Q75: 3.7 ± 0.3, Q225: 3.9 ± 0.4), appetite perceptions, gastrointestinal symptoms or energy intake (kcal; control: 1088 ± 90, Q37.5: 1057 ± 69, Q75: 1029 ±70, Q225: 1077 ± 88). CONCLUSION: Quinine, administered intraduodenally over 60 minutes, even at moderately high doses, but low infusion rates, does not modulate appetite-related gastrointestinal functions or energy intake.
Animals ; Appetite ; Cholecystokinin ; Energy Intake ; Gastrointestinal Hormones ; Gastrointestinal Tract ; Humans ; Male ; Plasma ; Pylorus ; Quinine

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Dietary proteins have potent eating-inhibitory and glucose-lowering effects, which may be mediated via effects of amino acids on gastrointestinal hormone and motor function, although little information is available. We have now evaluated the effects of L-phenylalanine (L-Phe) and L-glutamine (L-Gln) on antropyloroduodenal motility and plasma cholecystokinin (CCK) concentrations. METHODS: Two double-blind, 3-way cross-over studies were performed, each including 10 healthy, normal-weight men. We determined the antropyloroduodenal motor and plasma CCK responses to 90-minute intraduodenal infusions of L-Phe (study A) or L-Gln (study B), each at 0.15 kcal/min (total 13.5 kcal), or 0.45 kcal/min (total 40.5 kcal), or saline (control), in randomized fashion. RESULTS: Intraduodenal L-Phe at 0.45 kcal/min, but not at 0.15 kcal/min, suppressed antral (P < 0.01), and stimulated phasic (P < 0.01), but not tonic, pyloric, or duodenal pressures, while L-Phe at both 0.15 kcal/min and 0.45 kcal/min stimulated plasma CCK. In contrast, L-Gln had no effect on antral, duodenal or pyloric pressures, or plasma CCK. CONCLUSIONS: Intraduodenal infusions of L-Phe and L-Gln, in doses of 0.15 kcal/min and 0.45 kcal/min for 90 minutes, have different effects on antropyloroduodenal motility and CCK in normal-weight men. The modulation of antral and pyloric pressures and CCK may contribute to the eating-inhibitory effects of oral L-Phe, possibly through the slowing of gastric emptying.
Amino Acids ; Cholecystokinin* ; Cross-Over Studies ; Dietary Proteins ; Eating ; Gastric Emptying ; Gastrointestinal Hormones ; Gastrointestinal Motility ; Glutamine* ; Humans ; Male ; Phenylalanine* ; Plasma*

Child ; Child, Preschool ; Constipation ; diagnosis ; physiopathology ; therapy ; Digestive System ; microbiology ; physiopathology ; Gastrointestinal Hormones ; physiology ; Gastrointestinal Motility ; physiology ; Humans

Obesity is a prevalent disease with significant morbidity and mortality. It is a state of chronic low-grade inflammation due to excess body fat. Weight homeostasis is maintained through changes in various gastrointestinal hormones caused by dietary intake. However, being overweight or obese breaks the balance of these appetite-related gastrointestinal hormones and creates resistance to the actions of these hormones. The sensitivity of vagal afferent neurons to peripheral signals becomes blunted. Cytokines produced by excessive fat tissue damage our normal immune system, making us vulnerable to infection. In addition, various changes in gastrointestinal motility occur. Therefore, this review focuses on the various changes in gastrointestinal hormones, the immune state, the vagus nerve, and gastrointestinal movement in obese patients.
Adipose Tissue ; Cytokines ; Gastrointestinal Hormones ; Gastrointestinal Motility ; Homeostasis ; Humans ; Immune System ; Inflammation ; Mortality ; Neurons, Afferent ; Obesity ; Overweight ; Physiology ; Vagus Nerve

Behcet's disease (BD) is a systemic immunological disorder characterized by recurrent mucosal ulcerative lesions including oral and genital ulcerations in association with skin and ocular involvements. BD also can involve the gastrointestinal tract. Gastrointestinal involvement of BD is one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality for this disease. However, clinical data are quite limited because of the rarity of intestinal BD. Therefore, the management of intestinal BD is heavily dependent on expert opinions and standardized medical treatments of intestinal BD are yet to be established. In this brief review, the authors summarized the currently available medical treatments such as 5-aminosalicylic acids, corticosteroids, immuno-modulators, and anti-TNF agents. Moreover, we sought to suggest a treatment algorithm for intestinal BD based on the recently published and updated data.
Adrenal Cortex Hormones ; Expert Testimony ; Gastrointestinal Tract ; Immunologic Factors ; Inflammatory Bowel Diseases ; Mesalamine ; Skin ; Ulcer

Imatinib mesylate is currently used as the first-line treatment for metastatic gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs). Imatinib-induced hepatotoxicity in patients with GIST is very rare. Its features vary from subclinical elevation of serum aminotransferase to clinically apparent acute hepatitis, which is associated with immunologic reactions. Imatinib-induced hepatotoxicity with autoimmune-like features can be treated by the discontinuation of imatinib mesylate and the administration of oral steroids. Here, we report a case of late-onset imatinib-induced hepatitis with autoimmune-like features in a patient with metastatic GIST, which was improved by oral corticosteroids.
Adrenal Cortex Hormones ; Drug-Induced Liver Injury ; Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors ; Hepatitis ; Humans ; Imatinib Mesylate ; Steroids