Gastrointestinal Diseases ; pathology ; Humans

For the diagnosis of upper gastrointestinal (GI) lesions, magnification method is usually used in conjunction with chromoscopy, enabling the endoscopist to view subtle mucosal patterns in exquisite detail. Recently published datas have shown that magnifying endoscopy might be a valuable adjunct for the diagnosis, detection, and characterization of inflammatory and neoplastic lesions of the upper GI tract. It is also proven to be an useful surveillance protocol in identifying dysplastic epithelium or early cancer within a segment of Barrett's esophagus. Possible indications for magnifying endoscopy in upper GI tract include screening and surveillance of Barrett's esophagus, defining the extent of esophageal and gastric adenocarcinoma, detecting synchronous/metachronous gastric and esophageal cancers, diagnosing Helicobacter pylori infection, and recognizing minimal mucosal changes in gastroesophageal reflux disease. By grading the quality of evidence for the currently published trials, it is clear that the majority are case series, case reports, and/or observational studies without randomization, control, or blinding. Moreover, other evidence-based criteria such as independent, blind comparisons of magnifying endoscopy with a standard method which evaluates this technology in an appropriate spectrum of patients to whom the test may be applicable, and standardizing methodology would be crucial before magnifying endoscopy becomes a standard procedure in clinical practice. In the future, a uniform classification system for staining and magnifying patterns should be devised and observer agreement should be tested. Futher studies then could be performed based upon consistent, validated, and standardized terminologies and criteria.
Diagnosis, Differential ; Duodenal Diseases/pathology ; Endoscopy, Gastrointestinal/*methods ; Esophageal Diseases/pathology ; Gastrointestinal Diseases/*pathology ; Humans ; Image Enhancement/*methods ; Stomach Diseases/pathology ; Upper Gastrointestinal Tract/pathology

Trillions of microbes inhabit the human gut, not only providing nutrients and energy to the host from the ingested food, but also producing metabolic bioactive signaling molecules to maintain health and elicit disease, such as cardiovascular disease (CVD). CVD is the leading cause of mortality worldwide. In this review, we presented gut microbiota derived metabolites involved in cardiovascular health and disease, including trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO), uremic toxins, short chain fatty acids (SCFAs), phytoestrogens, anthocyanins, bile acids and lipopolysaccharide. These gut microbiota derived metabolites play critical roles in maintaining a healthy cardiovascular function, and if dysregulated, potentially causally linked to CVD. A better understanding of the function and dynamics of gut microbiota derived metabolites holds great promise toward mechanistic predicative CVD biomarker discoveries and precise interventions.
Cardiovascular Diseases ; metabolism ; microbiology ; pathology ; Gastrointestinal Microbiome ; Humans ; Metabolome

The gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) is a mesenchymal tumor of the digestive tract showing differentiation along the line of interstitial cell of Cajal. The most GISTs in the stomach generally show the appearance of submucosal tumors. It is rare for GISTs to appear as a pedunculated polypoid lesion on endoscopy. We experienced a case of a 51-year-old man who had a pedunculated polypoid GIST. He was admitted to our hospital for nausea, vomiting, melena and severe anemia (hemoglobin 3.4 g/dL, hematocrit 10.8%). An upper endoscopy showed gastroduodenal intussusception due to a pedunculated polypoid mass. This report presents a rare case of endoscopically proven gastroduodenal intussusceptions due to pedunculated polypoid GIST in the stomach.
Duodenal Diseases/etiology/*pathology ; Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage ; Gastrointestinal Neoplasms/complications/*pathology ; Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors/complications/*pathology ; Gastroscopy ; Humans ; Intussusception/etiology/*pathology ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed

This study was performed to investigate the therapeutic effect of electroacupuncture and moxibustion on abomasal displacement in dairy cattle.After acupuncture needles were inserted bilaterally into the acupoints, 'Pi yu', 'Wei yu' and 'Guan yuan yu', electronic stimulation (5 Hz and 10 V, 20 minutes) was conducted once a day for 3 days consecutively. Modified moxa patch was also applied at the same acupoints as in acupuncture for 3 days consecutively.Ten among twelve cows with abomasal displacement were recovered by electroacupuncture and moxibustion, but two were treated with paramedian abomasopexy. It is considered that electroacupuncture and moxibustion may be convenient, safe and economical therapeutic alternatives available instead of surgical procedures on abomasal displacement in dairy cattle.
Abomasum/*pathology ; Animals ; Cattle ; Cattle Diseases/*therapy ; Electroacupuncture/*veterinary ; Female ; Gastrointestinal Diseases/*therapy/*veterinary ; Moxibustion/*veterinary

IgG4-related disease (IgG4-RD) is an immune-mediated condition associated with chronic fibroinflammatory lesions that can affect nearly any organ. IgG4-related hepatobiliary and pancreatic diseases are IgG4-RD involving the hepatobiliary and pancreatic system, which is characterized with elevated serum IgG4 concentrations, large numbers of IgG4 positive lymphoplasma cells infiltration in affected organs, storiform fibrosis, and imaging changes of organ morphology. Due to the lack of reliable biomarkers, histopathology is still an important basis for diagnosis. The pathogenesis of IgG4-related hepatobiliary and pancreatic diseases has not been clarified. This review focuses on the recent advances in intestinal microecology-immunology, host genetics-immunity and recurrence monitoring of IgG4-related hepatobiliary and pancreatic diseases.
Autoimmune Diseases/diagnosis* ; Gastrointestinal Microbiome ; Humans ; Immunoglobulin G ; Immunoglobulin G4-Related Disease/pathology* ; Pancreatic Diseases

Inflammatory fibroid polyp occurs very rarely in the jejunum and gastrointestinal bleeding as an initial manifestation of inflammatory fibroid polyp has not been reported. We report a case of a jejunal inflammatory fibroid polyp presenting with melena for 10 days. Upper gastrointestinal endoscopic examination was negative for any active bleeding lesions and abdominal angiography failed to localize the bleeding site as well. In contrast, computed tomography of the abdomen demonstrated a segmental wall thickening of the jejunum with a tumor-like mass lesion associated with dense contrast enhancement. Consistent with this, technetium 99m red blood cells scintigraphy exhibited red cell pooling at the right upper quadrant. On exploratory laparotomy, there was an active bleeding from the site of the jejunal tumor and a segmental resection was performed. Histologically, the tumor lesion of the jejunum was consistent with inflammatory fibroid polyp. Thus, we conclude that the tumor lesion was a cause of the gastrointestinal bleeding.
Adult ; Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage/*etiology ; Humans ; Intestinal Polyps/diagnosis/*pathology ; Jejunal Diseases/diagnosis/*pathology ; Male

The cystic lesions of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract demonstrate the various pathologic findings. Some lesions may present a diagnostic challenge because of non-specific imaging features; however, other lesions are easily diagnosed using characteristic radiologic features and anatomic locations. Cystic masses from the GI tract can be divided into several categories: congenital lesions, neoplastic lesions (cystic neoplasms, cystic degeneration of solid neoplasms), and other miscellaneous lesions. In this pictorial review, we describe the pathologic findings of various cystic lesions of the GI tract as well as the radiologic features of GI cystic lesions from several imaging modalities including a barium study, transabdominal ultrasound (US), computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance (MR) imaging.
Contrast Media ; Cysts/*diagnosis/pathology ; *Diagnostic Imaging ; Gastrointestinal Diseases/*diagnosis/pathology ; Humans

No abstract availble.
Adult ; Arteries/abnormalities ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Endoscopy, Gastrointestinal ; Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage/*etiology/pathology ; Humans ; Intestinal Mucosa/blood supply/pathology ; Jejunal Diseases/*etiology/pathology ; Jejunum/*blood supply/pathology ; Male

Functional gastrointestinal (GI) disorders are common in the general population. Based on the Rome III classification, these disorders are mutually exclusive disorders keeping the homogeneity of each functional GI disorder in research area. In contrast, many population and clinical studies have reported a considerably high rate of overlap between functional GI disorders. The overlap of functional GI disorders over other intestinal diseases might simply occur by chance due to a highly prevalent disorder. Moreover, functional GI disorders is considered a chronic stable disorder that may wax and wane for several years. However, a recent study about the natural history of functional GI disorders showed substantial transition among functional GI disorders over time. The natural history of functional GI disorders with overlapping other functional GI disorders are still in infancy and better understanding of these will be important in determining the efficacy of future therapeutic interventions.
Dyspepsia/epidemiology/pathology ; Esophageal and Gastric Varices/epidemiology/pathology ; Gastrointestinal Diseases/epidemiology/*pathology ; Humans ; Irritable Bowel Syndrome/epidemiology/pathology ; Prevalence