Using in vitro everted gut to investigate the intestinal absorption of the extracts from Polygonum orientale at different concentration. UPLC-MS/MS was used to detect the content of protocatechuic acid, isoorientin, orientin, vitexin, cynaroside, quercitrin, kaempferol-rhamnoside in different intestinal segments, then compared the results with the absorption of chemical components of extractive P. orientale in each intestinal segments, and calculated the absorption parameter. We took the statistic analysis with SPSS statistic software. The influence significance of each factors were analyzed to describe the character of absorption. The absorption of each component is linearity in different intestinal segments and different dose, and the square of coeficient correlation exceed 0.95, which consistent with zero order rate process. The K(a) increase along with the raised dosage of the extractive P. orientale (R2 > 0.95), indicated it is the passive absorption; different intestinal segments have different absorption. And the absorption trend in intestinal is duodenum, jejunum, ileum are greater than the colon. As ingredients are selectively absorbed in intestinal sac, the everted intestinal sac method is selected to assess the intestinal absorption charcteristics of ingredients of extractive P. orientale.
Animals ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; pharmacokinetics ; Gastrointestinal Tract ; metabolism ; Intestinal Absorption ; Male ; Polygonum ; chemistry ; metabolism ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley

The gut is an immune-microbiome-epithelial complex. Gut microbiome-host interactions have widespread biological implications, and the role of this complex system extends beyond the digestion of food and nutrient absorption. Dietary nutrients can affect this complex and play a key role in determining gut homeostasis to maintain host health. In this article, we review various dietary nutrients and their contribution to the pathogenesis and treatment of various intestinal diseases including inflammatory bowel disease, irritable bowel syndrome, colorectal cancer, and diverticulitis, among other such disorders. A better understanding of diet-host-gut microbiome interactions is essential to provide beneficial nutrients for gut health and to limit nutritional hazards to ensure successful nutritional management of gastrointestinal conditions in clinical practice.
Absorption ; Colorectal Neoplasms ; Diet ; Digestion ; Diverticulitis ; Gastrointestinal Microbiome ; Homeostasis ; Inflammatory Bowel Diseases ; Intestinal Diseases ; Irritable Bowel Syndrome ; Microbiota ; Nutrition Therapy

Cronkhite-Canada syndrome is characterized by generalized gastrointestinal polyposis, ectodermal changes, and the eventual development of diarrhea and weight loss. The pathogenesis of the disease is unknown, and there is no established therapy. The disease has a poor prognosis because of malnutrition resulting from altered absorption in the gastrointestinal tract. We experienced a case of a 56-year-old female with Cronkhite-Canada syndrome. After enteral nutrition and administration of prednisolone for 3 months, clinical improvement was noted with cessation of diarrhea, increased serum protein, disappearance of pigmentation, and regrowth of the scalp hair, finger-and toenails. Endoscopy showed resolution of the gastrointestinal polyposis. So we report here a case of diffuse gastrointestinal polyposis which has been in remission with steroid therapy.
Absorption ; Diarrhea ; Ectoderm ; Endoscopy ; Enteral Nutrition ; Female ; Gastrointestinal Tract ; Hair ; Humans ; Intestinal Polyposis* ; Malnutrition ; Middle Aged ; Nails ; Pigmentation ; Prednisolone ; Prognosis ; Scalp ; Weight Loss

Cronkhite-Canada syndrome is a very rare syndrome. This non-familial hamartomatous polyposis syndrome is characterized by multiple polyps on the entire gastrointestinal tract, nail dystrophy, skin pigmentation and systemic alopecia. The courses of this syndrome could be classified into five types according to clinical symptoms; diarrhea, taste disturbance, xerostomia, abdominal pain and alopecia. Cronkhite-Canada syndrome has a high mortality rate up to 45~60% due to nutritional absorption disturbance, hypoalbuminemia, recurrent infection, sepsis, heart failure and gastrointestinal bleeding. A pathogenesis of Cronkhite-Canada syndrome is still unknown, and only conservative treatment is available. We diagnosed a 55 years-old female with Cronkhite-Canada syndrome based on the clinical symptoms of nail change, taste disturbance and alopecia, and the histologic finding of polyps in the entire gastrointestinal tract; these polyps were found in the stomach, small intestine and large intestine via capsule endoscopy. We report on this case and we review the relevant medical literature.
Abdominal Pain ; Absorption ; Alopecia ; Capsule Endoscopy ; Diarrhea ; Female ; Gastrointestinal Tract ; Heart Failure ; Hemorrhage ; Humans ; Hypoalbuminemia ; Intestinal Polyposis ; Intestine, Large ; Intestine, Small ; Nails ; Polyps ; Sepsis ; Skin Pigmentation ; Stomach ; Xerostomia

The experiment was designed to study the mechanism of increasing efficiency of Ligustrum lucidum steamed with wine. Rats in vivo with gastrointestinal perfusion model were used. The contents of salidroside and specnuezhenide in the fluid of gastrointestinal perfusion of rats were measured by HPLC at different time points after dosing. Then the K(a) and absorption percentage were calculated. Specnuezhenide could be detected in the fluid of gastrointestinal perfusion of specnuezhenide. The K(a) of the specnuezhenide and salidroside in the fetal intestines are 0.055 3 and 0.144 2 h(-1) respectively and the total absorptivity are 24.46% and 60.14% respectively after 4 hours. The K(a) in the stomach are 5.70 and 8.26 h(-1) respectively and the total absorptivity are 34.21% and 47.23% respectively after 4 hours. The experiment proved that specnuezhenide can be metabolized into salidroside which is more beneficial for gastrointestinal absorption. The experiment proved that specnuezhenide can be metabolized into salidroside both in the rat's stomach and the fetal intestine and compared with the specnuezhenide salidroside is more conducive to gastrointestinal absorption. The results suggested that the increasing efficiency on liver and kidney of L. lucidum steamed with wine has business with the fact that Specnuezhe nide is more conducive to the body after it is changed into salidroside.
Animals ; Chemistry, Pharmaceutical ; Gastrointestinal Tract ; metabolism ; Glucosides ; chemistry ; metabolism ; Intestinal Absorption ; Male ; Phenols ; chemistry ; Pyrans ; chemistry ; metabolism ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley

Recent molecular and physiological studies suggested that at least two distinct H/K-ATPase activities are present in the mammalian colon. Potassium (K+) balance is achieved by the control of urinary K+ excretion and by the control of K+ absorption from the digestive tract. The colon also participates substantively in the regulation of systemic K+ homeostasis. Northern analysis and in situ hybridization (ISH) for analyzing the expression of mRNA encoding the colonic H/K-ATPase a subunit and EM study for morphologic adaptations were carried out in normal and potassium-deprived (2 weeks) rats. Northern analysis demonstrated that colonic H/K-ATPase a subunit mRNA is abundantly expressed in normal rat distal colon. Abundance of colonic H/K-ATPase a subunit mRNA in potassium-deprived rat distal colon was not significantly increased compared to controls. By ISH, mRNA for colonic H/K-ATPase a subunit was detected in the surface epithelial cells, Goblet cells, and upper third of the intestinal gland. Both groups exhibited comparable cellular patterns of labeling and signal intensity. The surface epithelial cells exhibited a mixture of hybridization signal intensity. Most cells had intense hybridization signal for colonic H/K-ATPase a subunit mRNA and some cells had moderate, and a few cells had weak. Occasionally, strong hybridization signal was detected in the lower portion of the intestinal gland. EM study demonstrated that two types of surface columnar epithelial cells were present in normal distal colon and included type 1 cells with more abundant vesicles in supranuclear cytoplasm and type 2 cells with moderate amount of vesicles. In potassium-deprived distal colon, type 2 cells were only present in surface columnar epithelial cells. Others were not significant differences between two groups. These results suggest that two (or more) H/K-ATPase a subunit isoforms are present in rat distal colon, and colonic H/K-ATPase asubunit gene does not significantly contribute to potassium conservation during chronic hypokalemia in spite of abundant expression of this gene.
Absorption ; Animals ; Colon* ; Cytoplasm ; Epithelial Cells ; Gastrointestinal Tract ; Goblet Cells ; Homeostasis ; Hypokalemia* ; In Situ Hybridization ; Intestinal Mucosa ; Potassium ; Protein Isoforms ; Rats* ; RNA, Messenger

Cronkhite-Canada syndrome (CCS) is a rare, non-familial hamartomatous polyposis syndrome characterized by multiple polyps in the entire gastrointestinal tract, nail dystrophy, skin pigmentation, and systemic alopecia. The clinical symptoms of this syndrome include diarrhea, abdominal pain, and alopecia often accompanied by taste disturbances, hypoalbuminemia, recurrent infections, nutritional absorption disturbances, heart failure, and gastrointestinal bleeding. We report a patient with CCS who was admitted complaining of hematochezia, melena, and a 1 month history of diarrhea, nail changes, taste disturbances, and alopecia. Upper endoscopy, colonoscopy, and capsule endoscopy were performed and showed numerous polyps in the stomach, small intestine, and large intestine. Histological sections of these polyps showed edematous stroma and cystically dilated foveolar epithelium, which was consistent with CCS. We diagnosed CCS based on the clinical symptoms and the histological findings of the polyps found via endoscopy. We report on this case and review this syndrome.
Abdominal Pain ; Absorption ; Alopecia ; Capsule Endoscopy ; Colonoscopy ; Diarrhea ; Endoscopy ; Epithelium ; Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage ; Gastrointestinal Tract ; Heart Failure ; Hemorrhage ; Humans ; Hypoalbuminemia ; Intestinal Polyposis ; Intestine, Large ; Intestine, Small ; Melena ; Nails ; Polyps ; Skin Pigmentation ; Stomach

OBJECTIVETo determine the equilibrium solubility of pulchinenosiden D in different solvents and its n-octanol/water partition coefficients.

METHODCombining shaking flask method and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to detect the n-octanol/water partition coefficients of pulchinenosiden D, the equilibrium solubility of pulchinenosiden D in six organic solvents and different pH buffer solution were determined by HPLC analysis.

RESULTn-Octanol/water partition coefficients of pulchinenosiden D in different pH were greater than zero, the equilibrium solubility of pulchinenosiden D was increased with increase the pH of the buffer solution. The maximum equilibrium solubility of pulchinenosiden D was 255.89 g x L(-1) in methanol, and minimum equilibrium solubility of pulchinenosiden D was 0.20 g x L(-1) in acetonitrile.

CONCLUSIONUnder gastrointestinal physiological conditions, pulchinenosiden D exists in molecular state and it has good absorption but poor water-solubility, so increasing the dissolution rate of pulchinenosiden D may enhance its bioavailability.

1-Octanol ; chemistry ; Acetonitriles ; chemistry ; Biological Availability ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; methods ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; chemistry ; pharmacokinetics ; Gastrointestinal Tract ; metabolism ; Humans ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Intestinal Absorption ; Kinetics ; Methanol ; chemistry ; Pulsatilla ; chemistry ; Solubility ; Solvents ; chemistry ; Water ; chemistry

AIMTo study the effect of the liposomes coated by chitosan and its derivatives as oral dosage form for peptide drugs on the gastrointestinal (GI) transit of drugs.

METHODSInsulin-liposomes were prepared by reversed-phase evaporation. The in situ perfusion experiment was used to investigate the enteral absorption of insulin. The hypoglycemic effects of insulin were investigated using the glucose oxidase method after administration in rats. The insulin concentrations of serum and enteral tissues were determined by radio-immunoassay in rats.

RESULTSIn in situ local intestinal perfusion experiment, the duodenum was the best segment for the absorption of the insulin liposomes coated by chitosan (CH) or chitosan-EDTA conjugates (CEC) , and double-coated by CH-CEC; the colon was the best segment for the absorption of the insulin solution from rat intestine; but the best segment for the absorption of the uncoated and N-trimethyl chitosan chloride (TMC) coated insulin liposomes was unclear. In all segments, the enteral absorption of the insulin liposomes double-coated by CH-CEC was superior to that of other insulin liposomes.

CONCLUSIONThe insulin-liposomes coated by chitosan and its derivatives can enhance enteral absorption of insulin and increase stability of insulin in GI tract.

Animals ; Area Under Curve ; Chitosan ; chemistry ; Colon ; metabolism ; Delayed-Action Preparations ; Drug Carriers ; Drug Delivery Systems ; Duodenum ; metabolism ; Edetic Acid ; chemistry ; Gastrointestinal Transit ; Hypoglycemic Agents ; administration & dosage ; pharmacokinetics ; Insulin ; administration & dosage ; pharmacokinetics ; Intestinal Absorption ; Liposomes ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley

In order to elucidate the physiological basis for mucosal immunity of oral vaccination and to present the essential carrier of microparticles or nanoparticles used to investigate the orally delivered vaccine, the features of antigen presentation and mucosal immunereaction in gut-associated lymphoid tissues were analyzed. Considered the morphological and physiological barriers of the gastrointestinal tract, absorption and transport of particulates were further discussed. And the studies about particulate dosage forms for oral vaccine delivery were also summarized in this review. Peyer s patches and M-cells, involved in immunoregulation, are significant areas performing the critical role in oral vaccine. The applied vesicle of microparticles could overcome the barriers of gastrointestinal tract. Oral vaccination was endued with new connotation, especially the enhanced transport and immunization efficiencies promoted by the lectin anchored particles. In conclusion, oral vaccination mediated by particulate carrier via mucosal immune system, would contribute to the site-specific triggering and signal magnification. For vaccines, the prospects for the application of these promising carrier systems might have potential attraction for scientific research and commercial development.
Administration, Oral ; Animals ; Drug Delivery Systems ; methods ; Humans ; Immunity, Mucosal ; Intestinal Absorption ; Microspheres ; Nanoparticles ; Vaccination ; methods ; Vaccines ; administration & dosage ; immunology ; pharmacokinetics