The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of preoperative anxiety on the gastric pH and volume. We studied 96 female patients aged 16-60 yr who underwent elective gynecological surgery. We classified the subjects into 2 groups, those presenting preoperative anxiety scores using visual analogue scale (VAS, 0-10) less than 5 (L-group, n=59), and those with 5 and more (H-group, n=37). Immediately after tracheal intubation, gastric contents were aspirated using a 14-F multiorifice nasogastric tube. The gastric acidity and volume of the two groups were not statistically different. Mean pH were 3.0+/-1.8 and 3.0+/-2.0 in each group (L-group and H-group) and mean gastric volume (mL) were 15.3 +/-11.7 and 11.8 +/-11.8, respectively. Nine (15.3%) patients in the L-group were considered to be 'at risk i.e. gastric pH <2.5 and volume >25 mL' and one patient (2.7%) in the H-group (p<0.05). The mean serum gastrin concentrations in both groups were similar (21.6+/-9.8 vs. 20.2+/-11.0 pg/mL). The pH and volume of preoperative gastric contents were not correlated with the preoperative anxiety. The results suggest that a low level of preoperative anxiety can be considered a risk factor for aspiration pneumonitis.
Adolescent ; Adult ; Anxiety/*metabolism ; Female ; *Gastric Acidity Determination ; Gastric Juice/metabolism ; Humans ; Middle Aged

This is to report the study of degradation of earthworm extracts prepared by wet superfine grinding in simulated gastrointestinal environment. Enzymatic reactions were terminated by adjusting the solution pH or using membrane bioreactor principle. Earthworm protein concentration change was detected by Bradford method, the degraded state of protein was described with SDS-PAGE technology, and the degraded state of small molecule substances was detected by HPLC. The results showed that earthworm protein degraded completely in artificial gastric juice. High molecular weight protein degraded greatly in artificial intestinal fluid, while low molecular weight protein was not significantly degraded. Small molecular substances degradation did not degrade in artificial gastric juice, while they degraded obviously in artificial intestinal fluid, there is even new small molecule substance appeared. Finally it is concluded that the substance that having therapeutic effects in vivo may be some degraded peptide, amino acid and stable small molecules existed in artificial intestinal fluid.
Animals ; Biodegradation, Environmental ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel ; Gastric Juice ; metabolism ; Gastrointestinal Tract ; metabolism ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Materia Medica ; metabolism ; Oligochaeta ; metabolism ; Proteins ; metabolism

AIM AND METHODSBy hydrogen gas clearance technique to measure gastric mucosal blood flow (GMBF) and a high dose of capsaicin to ablate the capsaicin-sensitive afferent fibers, the roles of capsaicin-sensitive afferent fibers and endogenous NO in the gastric acid secretion and hyperemic response to intragastric distention were studied in rats.

RESULTS(1) There was an increase in acid secretion associated with the increase in GMBF to intragastric distention. (2) Pretreatment with a high dose of capsaicin to ablate afferent fibers completely abolished the GMBF and partially inhibited the acid secretion during the intragastric distention. (3) The increase in GMBF to intragastric distention was completely blocked by pretreatment with L-NAME, whereas the acid secretion was significantly attenuated.

CONCLUSIONCapsaicin-sensitive afferent fibers and endogenous NO are involved in the increases of gastric acid secretion and GMBF.

Animals ; Capsaicin ; pharmacology ; Gastric Acid ; secretion ; Gastric Dilatation ; metabolism ; Gastric Juice ; secretion ; Gastric Mucosa ; blood supply ; Male ; NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester ; Neurons, Afferent ; drug effects ; Nitric Oxide ; physiology ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley

PURPOSE: To investigate gastric juice nitrate/nitrite concentration according to mucosal surface pH extent (area) of gastric corpus intimately contacting the gastric juice. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We included ninety-nine patients with dyspepsia. To evaluate gastric mucosal surface pH and its extent, gastric chromosocpy was performed by spraying phenol red dye on the corpus mucosa and estimating the extent of area with color changed. Nitrate/nitrite concentrations and pH of gastric juice were measured by ELISA and pH meter, respectively. Silver staining was done to histologically confirm the presence of Helicobacter pylori. RESULTS: Intragastric nitrate/nitrite concentrations in patients, showing phenol red staining mucosa were higher than those of unstaining mucosa (p=0.001): the more extensive in the area of phenol red staining area of corpus, the higher gastric juice pH found (r=0.692, p<0.001). Furthermore, the intragastric nitrate/nitrite concentrations correlated positively with gastric juice pH (r=0.481, p<0.001). CONCLUSION: The changes of mucosal surface pH and its extent in gastric corpus might affect either pH or nitrate/nitrite level of gastric juice.
Adult ; Aged ; Dyspepsia/*metabolism/microbiology ; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay ; Female ; Gastric Juice/*metabolism ; Gastric Mucosa/*metabolism/microbiology ; Helicobacter pylori/isolation & purification ; Humans ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Nitrates/*metabolism ; Nitrites/*metabolism ; Young Adult

A major advance in the understanding of the regulation of food intake has been the discovery of the adipokine leptin a hormone secreted by the adipose tissue. After crossing the blood-brain barrier, leptin reaches its main site of action at the level of the hypothalamic cells where it plays fundamental roles in the control of appetite and in the regulation of energy expenditure. At first considered as a hormone specific to the white adipose tissue, it was rapidly found to be expressed by other tissues. Among these, the gastric mucosa has been demonstrated to secrete large amounts of leptin. Secretion of leptin by the gastric chief cells was found to be an exocrine secretion. Leptin is secreted towards the gastric lumen into the gastric juice. We found that while secretion of leptin by the white adipose tissue is constitutive, secretion by the gastric cells is a regulated one responding very rapidly to secretory stimuli such as food intake. Exocrine-secreted leptin survives the hydrolytic conditions of the gastric juice by forming a complex with its soluble receptor. This soluble receptor is synthesized by the gastric cells and the leptin-leptin receptor complex gets formed at the level of the gastric chief cell secretory granules before being released into the gastric lumen. The leptin-leptin receptor upon resisting the hydrolytic conditions of the gastric juice is channelled, to the duodenum. Transmembrane leptin receptors expressed at the luminal membrane of the duodenal enterocytes interact with the luminal leptin. Leptin is actively transcytosed by the duodenal enterocytes. From the apical membrane it is transferred to the Golgi apparatus where it binds again its soluble receptor. The newly formed leptin-leptin receptor complex is then secreted baso-laterally into the intestinal mucosa to reach the blood capillaries and circulation thus reaching the hypothalamus where its action regulates food intake. Exocrine-secreted gastric leptin participates in the short term regulation of food intake independently from that secreted by the adipose tissue. Adipose tissue leptin on the other hand, regulates in the long term energy storage. Both tissues work in tandem to ensure management of food intake and energy expenditure.
Adipokines ; Adipose Tissue ; Adipose Tissue, White ; Appetite ; Blood-Brain Barrier ; Capillaries ; Chief Cells, Gastric ; Dietary Sucrose ; Duodenum ; Eating ; Energy Metabolism ; Enterocytes ; Gastric Juice ; Gastric Mucosa ; Golgi Apparatus ; Hand ; Hypothalamus ; Intestinal Mucosa ; Leptin ; Membranes ; Phenobarbital ; Receptors, Leptin ; Secretory Vesicles

In previous study we isolated a gram-positive bacterial strain, designated Niu-O16, from bovine rumen gastric juice. The growing cells of bacterial strain Niu-O16 is capable of biotransforming isoflavone daidzein into dihydrodaidzein efficiently under anaerobic conditions. In this study we investigated the optimal bioconversion conditions for the resting cells of bacterial strain Niu-O16 to convert daidzein into dihydrodaidzein. Single factor test showed that the optimal conditions for the initial pH of phosphate buffer, the concentration of the resting cell and the concentration of the substrate daidzein were 6.0-8.0, 32-64 mg/mL (wet weight) and 0.8-1.2 mmol/L, respectively. Orthogonal experiments were used to determine the optimal combination of the resting cell concentration, substrate concentration and biotransformation time. The results showed that the optimal combination included resting cell concentration 32 mg/mL, substrate concentration 0.8 mmol/L and the biotransformation time 24 h. Furthermore, the biotransformation kinetics under optimal conditions were studied, under which conditions the highest bioconversion rate was 63.9% in the resting cell system. The results might provide information for resting cell biotransforming of anaerobes as well as its industrial application.
Anaerobiosis ; Animals ; Biotransformation ; Cattle ; Culture Techniques ; methods ; Gastric Juice ; microbiology ; Gram-Positive Bacteria ; growth & development ; isolation & purification ; physiology ; Isoflavones ; biosynthesis ; chemistry ; metabolism ; Kinetics ; Rumen ; microbiology

K88ac-LT(B) gene derived from pQE30-K88ac-LT(B) was cloned into the expression vector pLA and then the recombinant vector was transformed into the competent cells Lactobacillus casei 525. The recombinant bacteria were grown at 37 degrees C, in MRS broth. Western blotting analysis with rabbit-anti-K88ac-LT(B) polyclonal serum indicated that the recombinant protein reacted with the specific antibodies. The results showed that the molecular weight of the recombinant protein was about 71.2 kD. The K88ac-LT(B) fusion protein on the cell surface was confirmed by immunofluorescence mciroscopy and flow cytometric analysis. In addition, the survival of recombinant Lactobacillus casei 525 was studied in imitative gastrointestinal environments such as artificial gastro fluid (pH 1.5-5.5), artificial intestinal fluid, bile(0.3-3.0 g/L). The results indicated that the recombinant strain survived well in artificial gastric fluids at pH 2.5-4.5 in 5 h. The recombinant Lactobacillus casei 525 could slowly grow in the artificial intestinal fluid for different time, and could survive in 0.3% bile.
Antigens, Bacterial ; genetics ; Bacterial Toxins ; genetics ; metabolism ; Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli ; genetics ; metabolism ; Enterotoxins ; genetics ; metabolism ; Escherichia coli Proteins ; genetics ; metabolism ; Fimbriae Proteins ; genetics ; Gastric Juice ; Lactobacillus casei ; genetics ; metabolism ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins ; biosynthesis ; genetics ; Recombination, Genetic

OBJECTIVETo prepare colon target pellets of Pulsatilla total saponins.

METHODPulsatilla total saponins-hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin inclusion was prepared by the water solution-mixing method. Then plain pills of inclusion were prepared by the granulation-spheronization method, and coated by Glatt fluid bed.

RESULTThe dissolution of plain pills of Pulsatilla total saponins at 2 h was 16.0%, while that of plain pills of inclusion at 0.5 h was 91.9%. With Eudragit S100 as the coating material, TEC as the plasticizer and talcum power as the anti-adherent, when the coating weight was 12%, the coating efficiency was high, with almost no bonding and drug release of coated pellets in artificial gastric juice for 2 h. The accumulated drug release in artificial intestinal fluid for 4 h was less than 15%, and that in artificial colon fluid for 4 h was more than 90%.

CONCLUSIONCoated pellets of Pulsatilla total saponins-hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin inclusion showed a good colon targeted drug release in vitro, thus could be further developed to be oral colon targeted preparations.

2-Hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin ; Absorption ; Biomimetic Materials ; metabolism ; Colon ; metabolism ; Drug Compounding ; methods ; Drug Implants ; Gastric Juice ; metabolism ; Humans ; Pulsatilla ; chemistry ; Saponins ; chemistry ; metabolism ; Surface Properties ; beta-Cyclodextrins ; chemistry

OBJECTIVETo observe clinical efficacy of Huazhuo Jiedu Recipe (HJR) on chronic atrophic gastritic precancerosis (CAGP), and its effect on contents of lactic acid, total acid, free acid, and nitrite in the gastric juice, as well as tumor markers in gastric juice and blood.

METHODSTwo hundred and twenty-nine patients with CAGP were randomly assigned to two groups, the 119 patients in the treated group orally took HJR and the 110 patients in the control group orally took Weifuchun Tablet. The therapeutic course for all was three months, two courses in total. The therapeutic efficacy, changes of gastric acid contents before and after treatment were observed, and the tumor markers in the gastric juice and blood were detected using electrochemical luminescence immunoassay.

RESULTSThe pathological effective rate was 83.2% (99/119) in the treated group and 60.9% (67/110) in the control group, showing significant difference between the two groups (P <0.05). The total acids and free acids in the gastric juice were significantly improved, contents of lactic acid and nitrite were significantly lowered in the two groups. Both contents of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), carbohydrate antigen19-9 (CA19-9), carbohydrate antigen72-4 (CA72-4), and carbohydrate antigen125 (CA125) in the gastric juice and serum were significantly lowered after treatment in the treated group (P<0.05). Compared with the normal control group, the therapeutic effect was more obvious in the treated group (P<0.05).

CONCLUSIONSHJR could stimulate the gastric membranous secretion, enhance contents of total acids and free acids. It could prevent the further progress of CAGP by decreasing contents of lactic acid and nitrite in the gastric juice, and lowering contents of CEA, CA19-9, CA72-4, and CA125 in the gastric juice and serum.

Adult ; Aged ; Biomarkers, Tumor ; blood ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; pharmacology ; therapeutic use ; Female ; Gastric Juice ; chemistry ; Gastritis, Atrophic ; blood ; metabolism ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Phytotherapy ; Precancerous Conditions ; blood ; metabolism ; Stomach Neoplasms ; blood ; metabolism

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection is the cause of peptic ulcer diseases, and gastric cancer. Hydrolysis of urea generating ammonia may cause cytotoxic effects on the gastric epithelium. The ammonia may induce the synthesis of epidermal growth factor (EGF) in gastric epithelium as an adaptive cytoprotective mechanism. The first aim was to examine the concentration of ammonia and EGF in gastric juice before and after H. pylori eradication in functional dyspepsia patients. The second aim was to examine the correlation among ammonia concentration, EGF concentration, and inflammatory score of gastritis. METHODS: The concentration of ammonia and EGF were measured by ELISA. The grade and severity of gastritis were measured according to the updated Sydney system. RESULTS: The concentration of ammonia in gastric juice was much higher in the H. pylori positive subjects (10,787 +/- 6,584 micro mol/L) than in the negative subjects (2,339 +/- 1,158 micro mol/L, p<0.0001). The concentrations of EGF in gastric juice was much higher in the positive subjects (1,462 +/- 393 pg/mL) than in the negative subjects (1,088 +/- 499 pg/mL, p<0.005). The concentration of ammonia and EGF in gastric juice showed significant correlation (r=0.63, p<0.0001). The concentrations of ammonia and histologic severities showed significant correlation (r=0.41, p<0.0001). Moreover, the level of EGF in gastric juice and histologic severities showed positive correlation (r=0.20, p<0.005). CONCLUSIONS: As the concentration of ammonia in gastric juices increased, the concentration of EGF was also increased in functional dyspepsia with H. pylori infection. The concentration of EGF in gastric juice may play a role in the adaptive cytoprotection in H. pylori- induced gastritis.
Adult ; Ammonia/*analysis ; English Abstract ; Epidermal Growth Factor/*analysis ; Female ; Gastric Juice/*chemistry ; Gastritis/drug therapy/*metabolism/microbiology/pathology ; Helicobacter Infections/drug therapy/*metabolism ; *Helicobacter pylori ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged