Objective: To explore the occupational hazards caused by three kinds of welding operations, and to provide data support for individual protection. Methods: In October 2020, the welding fumes, metal elements and welding arc generated by three welding operations of argon gas shielded welding (JS80 welding wire) , manual welding (ZS60A welding rod) and carbon dioxide shielded welding (907A flux cored wire) were collected and measured in the welding laboratory. The samples were analyze and compare in the laboratory, and the differences of the occupational hazard factors of the three welding operations were judged. Results: The concentration of welding fume produced by carbon dioxide shielded welding, manual welding (ZS60A electrode) , and argon gas shielded welding (JS80 welding wires) were 6.80 mg/m(3), 6.17 mg/m(3), and 3.13 mg/m(3), respectively. The effective irradiance of the welding arc outside the welding mask from high to low is manual welding (ZS60A electrode) , carbon dioxide shielded welding (907A flux-cored welding wire) , and argon shielded welding (JS80 welding wire) , respectively 1 010.7, 740.9, 589.5 μW/cm(2). The long-wave ultraviolet UVA intensity generated by argon shielded welding (JS80 welding wire) is the largest, which is 1 500 μW/cm(2). The content of Mn in the three welding operations is the highest, and JS80 welding wire has the highest Mn content of 128493.2 mg/kg. 907A flux cored wire has the highest Ti content, which is 24355.5mg/kg. The electrode ZS60A has the highest Cu content, which is 24422.12 mg/kg. Conclusion: The intensity of occupational hazards is different in the three kinds of welding operations, so the methods of personal protective equipment, field exposure assessment and health monitoring should be more targeted.
Air Pollutants, Occupational/analysis* ; Argon/analysis* ; Carbon Dioxide/analysis* ; Gases/analysis* ; Occupational Exposure/analysis* ; Welding/methods*

The most important factor in clinical development of respiratory care has been the clinical availabiTity of blood gas and pH measurement and it is important to get the accurate values of those. There can be an error to get the value of PCO2, PO2 and pH by dilutional effect of liquid-Naheparin that is usally used as an anticoagulant. We compared values of 20 arterial blood gases sampled with 1 cc plastic syringe utilizing liquid-Na-heparin with those ones sampled with 1 cc arterial blood gas kits which were pre-filled with dry-Lithium-heparin. The results were as follows; 1) There are no difference in values of PO2 and pH between two groups. 2) The value of PCO2 sampled with 1 cc plastic syringe utilizing liquid-Na-heparin is 1.62 torr less than the value of that with 1 cc arterial blood gas kits which were pre-filled with dry-Lithium-heparin (p<0.05).
Blood Gas Analysis* ; Gases ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Plastics ; Syringes*

OBJECTIVETo evaluate the measurement uncertainty of welding fume in the air of the welding workplace of a shipyard, and to provide quality assurance for measurement.

METHODSAccording to GBZ/T 192.1-2007 "Determination of dust in the air of workplace-Part 1: Total dust concentration" and JJF 1059-1999 "Evaluation and expression of measurement uncertainty", the uncertainty for determination of welding fume was evaluated and the measurement results were completely described.

RESULTSThe concentration of welding fume was 3.3 mg/m(3), and the expanded uncertainty was 0.24 mg/m(3). The repeatability for determination of dust concentration introduced an uncertainty of 1.9%, the measurement using electronic balance introduced a standard uncertainty of 0.3%, and the measurement of sample quality introduced a standard uncertainty of 3.2%.

CONCLUSIONDuring the determination of welding fume, the standard uncertainty introduced by the measurement of sample quality is the dominant uncertainty. In the process of sampling and measurement, quality control should be focused on the collection efficiency of dust, air humidity, sample volume, and measuring instruments.

A study was undertaken to determine the blood gas values affected by the flush solution incompletely purged and heparinized in an indwelling arterial catheter and pressure tubing. Arterial blood gases were measured serially after withdrawing 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12 ml of flush-blood solutions from a 20-gauge radial artery catheter which was connected through a transducer to cobe pressure tubing having the length of 4 or 6 feet, respectively. The pH was nearly unchanged from the sample 2 and PaCO2, actual bicarbonate, and base excess were from the sample 3 in 4-ft Cobe pressure tubing. In 6-ft Cobe pressure line pH was nearly unchanged from the sample 3 and PaCO2, actual bicarbonate, and base excess were from the sample 4. PaO2 were unchanged in all samples. So we conclude that arterial blood for the blood gas analysis should be withdrawn at least 4 ml in 4-ft Cobe pressure tubing and 6ml in 6-ft Cobe pressure line.
Blood Gas Analysis ; Catheters ; Foot ; Gases ; Heparin ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Radial Artery ; Transducers

During the period of Sep. 1981 to Feb. 1983, a program of measuring the blood gases and pH of 19 varicocele patients was taken. These patients were classified into 2 groups based upon their semen analysis; Group A consisted of 9 patients who demonstrated normal findings and group B consisted of 10 patients who demonstrated seminal stress pattern. The blood pH, PO
Anoxia ; Depression ; Gases* ; Humans ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration* ; Male* ; Oxygen ; Semen Analysis ; Varicocele* ; Veins*

This study was carried out to compare the difference between assist(A) and controlled(C) ventilation group's blood gases during the general anesthesia. All samples were taken from the radial artery. The results were as follows, 1) Pa CO2was increased to 43. 9 5torr+/-7. 85 in group A and decreased to 28. 65 torr+/-6. 05 in group C. (p(0. 005) 2) Acidemia(7.335+/-0.51) in group A and alkalemia(7. 481+/-0.07) in group C were noticed. (p(0. 005) 3) B.E. and bicarbonate levels were within normal range in both groups. It's necessary to choose the patterns of ventilation before anesthesia, because of the anesthesiologist were apt to give alveolar hyperventilation during the controlled ventilation manually, but mild respiratory acidosis were developed during the assist ventilation.
Acidosis, Respiratory ; Anesthesia ; Anesthesia, General ; Blood Gas Analysis* ; Gases ; Hyperventilation ; Radial Artery ; Reference Values ; Ventilation

Although heparin solution is widely used as an anticoagulant in blood gas analysis, alterations in blood gas measurements may occur when small sample volumes are diluted by heparin. Cook pressure tubing for infants and children and Gould pressure line for adults were applied to each of 10 adult patients whose cardiovascular fuction was normal. Arterial blood gases were measured serially after withdrawing 2,4,6,8,10 and 12 ml of flus-blood solutions from the Gould pressure connecting tubing, and 1,2,3,4,5 and 6 ml from the Cook pressure line, which were connected to a transducer through a 3way stopcock. In the Gould pressure tubing, the pH was unchanged from sample 2 and PaCO2, HCO3- and base excess were unchanged from sample 3. PaO2 did not change between the samples. In the Cook pressure line, the pH and base excess were unchanged from sample 2 and PaCO2, HCO3- and PaO2 from sample 3. We conclude that arterial blood should be withdrawn in volumes of at least 4ml by the Gould pressure connecting tubing and 3ml by the Cook pressure line to obtaine accurate results in blood gas analysis.
Adult ; Blood Gas Analysis ; Child ; Gases ; Heparin ; Humans ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Infant ; Transducers

Many studies have undertaken to determine the optimal volume of heparin diluted blood so- lutions to be aspirated from known internal volume of the arterial extension tube before blood sampling, in order to achieve acceptable blood gas values. This study was investigated the optimal volume of heparin diluted blood to be aspirated from various kinds of extension tube which volume is unknown. Blood gases were measured in samples of the radial artery or superior vena cava blood taken from 20 anesthesized patients who were taking elective or emergency surgery with indwelling catheter. Authors used 4 kinds of extension tube. There were 120 cm Cobe extension tube, 140 cm Cobe extension tube, 60 cm extension tube using I.V. set and 120 cm extension tube using I.V. set. Each of tubes was applied to five patients. Five blood gas samples were taken after withdrawing heparin diluted flush solution and blood from each extension tube. The withdrawing blood amounts is serially 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, and 2.5 times of volume of each extension tube. And then another blood sample was taken from the 3-way stop-cock at proximal site of Cobe or LV. extension tube. Because this last sample was not diluted with heparin diluted flush solution, author assumed this blood gas values to be control group. Blood gas values of each samples were compared with control group. The difference between sample 3 and 4 was statistically significant(p<0.05) in case of small inner volume of extension tube. The difference between sample 4 and 5 was stastistically significant(p<0.05) in case of large inner volume of extension tube. So, authors concluded that as follows: If the inner volume of extension tube is small(volume <4 ml), blood gas samples should be taken after withdrawing 2.0 times of the inner volume of extension tube, however if the inner volume of extension tube is large(volume>4ml), blood gas samples should be taken after withdrawing 2.5 times of the inner volume of extension tube.
Blood Gas Analysis ; Catheters, Indwelling ; Emergencies ; Gases ; Heparin* ; Humans ; Radial Artery ; Vena Cava, Superior

BACKGROUND: To assess the acid-base status and to measure PO2 and PCO2, arterial blood gases (ABG) has been checked usually. We compared the venous blood gases (VBG) from dorsal vein of hand to ABG from radial artery, and tried to determine whether venous blood gas analysis (VBGA) could be the alternative of ABGA. METHODS: Thirty patients who needed continuous arterial pressure monitoring were chosen. At the completion of stability of HR and BP after induction of general inhalational anesthesia, the ABG from radial artery and VBG from dorsal vein of hand were compared. RESULTS: Laboratory findings were as follows (mean+/-SD): arterial pH, 7.44+/-0.04; venous pH, 7.43+/-0.04; arterial HCO3-, 25.56+/-2.39 mmol/L; venous HCO3-, 25.51+/-2.09 mmol/L. The mean values of arterial and venous PO2 were significantly different (247.8+/-48.9 mmHg versus 187.8+/-41.6 mmHg), but the arterial and venous PO2 values were significantly correlated (r=0.706). The PCO2 (r= 0.883), pH (r=0.912), and HCO3- (r=0.901) values, and base excesses of arterial and venous blood (r=0.926) were highly correlated. Also, arterial and venous serum electrolyte (sodium, potassium, and calcium) were highly correlated. CONCLUSIONS: Venous blood gas analysis from dorsal vein of hand can be effectively used as the alternative method to evaluate the acid-base status, PO2, and PCO2, instead of ABGA during general inhalational anesthesia.
Anesthesia* ; Arterial Pressure ; Blood Gas Analysis ; Gases ; Hand* ; Humans ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Potassium ; Radial Artery ; Veins*

BACKGROUND: In this study, we performed one-lung ventilation (OLV) in rabbits to assess the effects of OLV on the VA/Q ratio and the respiratory physiological changes using MIGET. METHODS: Ten male New Zealand white rabbits, weighing 3-4 kg were selected. To perform MIGET, six inactive gases (SF6, krypton, desflurane, enflurane, diethyl ether, acetone) in 500 ml normal saline were injected intravenously. During two-lung ventilation (TLV), and after OLV for 30 minutes, blood was sampled for blood gas analysis and MIGET, hemodynamic variables were measured. For MIGET, the concentrations of the injected inert gases were measured and converted to retention/excretion data; the VA/Q distribution curve was obtained using a computer. RESULTS: Systolic, mean, and diastolic pulmonary pressures were elevated significantly and pulmonary resistance was doubled (P<0.05) in OLV compared to TLV. Blood pH decreased in OLV. The calculated intrapulmonary shunt was 19% and 52%, TLV and OLV, respectively. The analysis of VA/Q using MIGET showed that the VA/Q distribution curve was wider and that the VA/Q area was larger in normal rabbits. And, that intrapulmonary shunt approximated to 11%. In the case of OLV, a significant increase in shunt was observed but no change in the amount of dead space at distribution area, (log SDQ, log SDV) remained the same, whereas the VA/Q distribution curve shifted toward the right. CONCLUSIONS: OLV in rabbits showed severe hypercapnia and hypoxemia leading to a considerable increase in shunt. Because of the wide range of VA/Q distribution in TLV, no significant changes in respiratory variables were observed during OLV.
Anoxia ; Blood Gas Analysis ; Enflurane ; Ether ; Gases ; Hemodynamics ; Humans ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Hypercapnia ; Krypton ; Lung* ; Male ; Noble Gases ; One-Lung Ventilation ; Rabbits ; Ventilation ; Ventilation-Perfusion Ratio*