1.Antimicrobial Activities of Mangrove Species in Southeast Asia: A Systematic Review (Aktiviti Antimikrob Spesies Bakau di Asia Tenggara: Tinjauan Sistematik)
MA. MELANIE DALAINE DELA CRUZ CARNAJE ; JON DAVE TORRES REBENQUE ; GARY ANTONIO CENIDOZA LIRIO
Malaysian Journal of Health Sciences 2023;21(No.2):85-105
Antimicrobial resistance in Southeast Asia is a macro-level health dilemma that may cause substantial casualties
annually. Fortunately, Southeast Asian mangroves are potent reservoirs of bioactive compounds with antimicrobial
properties in correlation to their traditional usage. Hence, this study aimed to systematically review studies concerning
antimicrobial activities of mangroves in Southeast Asia as well as provide a technological overview of its prospective
use in pharmaceutical industry applications through patents. Through the PRISMA protocol, the search for peerreviewed studies originated from Southeast Asia and published between 2010 to 2022 were conducted over databases
such as CORE, Google Scholar, PubMed (MedLine), Science Direct, Semantic Scholar, Scopus, and Web of Science.
Additionally, a patent search was also performed on the Espacenet Patent Search, Google Patents, National Institute of
Industrial Property, and United States Patent and Trademark Office. The studies and patents were collated on Mendeley
Reference Manager as well as tabulated and assessed on Microsoft Office Excel 2016. After the four-phase screening,
59 studies and one patent regarding antimicrobial activities of Southeast Asian mangroves passed the criteria for the
systematic review. It was inferred that Southeast Asia constitutes potentially most species-diverse mangroves with highly
varied antimicrobial properties and can form synergism with drugs. The existing studies and patents may provide
enlightenment on the future path of studies and inventions which must be continually substantiated in animal and
clinical experiments for prospective pharmaceutical industry use. In this way, mangroves can be conserved while
antimicrobial resistance and anthropogenic activities can be lowered.
2.Evaluation of the biocontrol potential of endophytic bacteria isolated from Coffea liberica (w. Bull ex hiern) against brown eyespot-causing fungal phytopathogen
Gary Antonio C. Lirio ; Anna Beatriz A. Suavengco ; Kathleen Chloie C. Antonio ; John Eric P. Aggarao ; Janeth G. Mamansag
Malaysian Journal of Microbiology 2020;16(6):477-490
Aims:
The study aims to investigate the potential of the endophytic bacteria as an alternative to control the devastating
brown eyespot disease caused by Cercospora sp. in coffee plants. The fungal phytopathogen causes severe leaf fall
and berry damages resulting in serious yield losses in coffee farms in the Philippines and worldwide. Currently, the
management of this fungal infection relies heavily on synthetic fungicides, which may be of major environmental
concern.
Methodology and results:
Endophytic bacteria were isolated from the intercellular tissues of Coffea liberica leaves by
surface sterilization, maceration, dilution technique, plating on trypticase soy agar and colony characterization.
Fourteen isolated endophytic bacteria were screened for their ability to inhibit the mycelial growth of Cercospora sp.
through modified dual culture assay. Isolates HCC10-3SC3, HCC10-3SC2, HCC10-1SC1, ICC10-3SC1, and ICC10-1SC1
yielded the highest percent inhibition of radial growth (PIRG) with 59.56%, 60.92%, 60.96%, 64.36%, and 67.06%
respectively and are statistically significant (p<0.05) compared to the antibiotic control nystatin. The top five performing
endophytic bacteria were subjected to hydrolytic enzyme production assays and found to exhibit amylolytic, lipolytic,
proteolytic, chitinolytic, and cellulolytic activities. Based on the morphological and molecular identification by the 16S
rRNA sequence analysis, isolates showed the similarity with Staphylococcus cohnii, Bacillus siamensis,
Staphylococcus hominis, and Kosakonia cowanii found in GENBANK.
Conclusion, significance and impact of study
The study revealed the biological control potential of endophytic
bacteria agents against the brown eyespot-causing fungus in coffee.
Endophytes--pathogenicity
3.Antibacterial activity of the lyophilized aqueous leaf extract of the Philippine green-leafed Acalypha amentacea Roxb. (Maslakot-Ambulong) against selected human bacterial pathogens
Romnick M. Ureta ; Gary Antonio C. Lirio ; Ma. Peach N. Ogbac ; Zandre Isabelle A. Cruzado ; Elmo Louis B. Muros
Malaysian Journal of Microbiology 2019;15(6):463-470
Aims:
The specific aim of this study was to evaluate for the first time the phytochemical constituents, functional group assignment, and antibacterial activities of the Philippine green-leafed Acalypha amentacea Roxb. (Maslakot-Ambulong), a wildcrafted medicinal plant of local traditional healers in the southern most region of Mindoro province.
Methodology and results:
Aqueous leaf extracts of A. amentacea Roxb. were lyophilized and subjected to qualitative phytochemical screening and FT-IR analysis. The antibacterial activity of the plant using agar-well diffusion assay revealed highest Zone of Inhibition (ZOI) in 500 mg/mL concentration for Staphylococcus aureus (21.78 mm), Escherichia coli, (21.36 mm), Serratia marcescens (21.90 mm), Klebsiella pneumoniae (21.44 mm), and Enterococcus faecalis (20.52 mm) among other concentrations suggesting a dose dependent bioactivity. Also, compared to the antibiotic Rifampicin, A. amentacea Roxb. demonstrated better bioactivity against all the selected bacteria except S. aureus (p<0.05) and comparable to Ofloxacin when against E. faecalis. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the extract was found to be at 15.6 mg/mL for all the bacteria except for S. marcescens with 31.25 mg/mL as MIC. The bioactivity of the plant may be accounted to the presence of alkaloid, phenol, flavonoid, tannin, and saponin which were supported by its functional groups like carboxylic acid, alcohols, amine, conjugated alkene, aromatic esters, and alkyl aryl ether.
Conclusion, significance and impact of study
The results of this investigation, proved that A. amentacea Roxb. has bioactive antibacterial principles against the selected microorganisms. This also confirms its potentiality as a new source of antibacterial agents.
4. Prevalence and intensity of soil-transmitted helminth infections among school-age children in the Cagayan Valley, the Philippines
Ryan LABANA ; Vimar ROMERO ; Analette GUINTO ; Alvin CARIL ; Kimberly UNTALAN ; Alejandro REBOA ; Lanieleen Jerah AROCHA ; Khristine SANDOVAL ; Kristel Joy CADA ; Gary Antonio LIRIO ; Iris Rowena BERNARDO ; Julieta DUNGCA
Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine 2021;14(3):113-121
Objective: To identify the prevalence of soil-transmitted helminthiasis (STH) among school-age children in the Cagayan Valley, the Philippines, assess their level of awareness on the disease, and determine predisposing factors of the disease. Methods: A total of 478 Grades III-V school-age children in Pamplona and Sanchez-Mira School Districts in the Cagayan Valley answered the questionnaire assessing their knowledge, attitude, and practices on STH, subjected to anthropometric measurements, and provided faecal samples for parasitologic assessment (direct smear, Kato-Katz, and formol-ether concentration techniques). Results: The participants of the study, with 55.86% females, were 8 to 14 years old. Their nutritional status was assessed 'normal' (84.31%), 'severely wasted' (6.49%), 'wasted' (5.23%), 'overweight' (2.72%), and 'obese' (1.26%). The prevalence of infection with at least 1 STH species was 25.99% in Pamplona and 19.40% in Sanchez- Mira. Overall, the prevalence of heavy intensity was 7.11% for Ascaris lumbricoides and 1.67% for Trichuris trichiura. All hookworm infections had light intensities. The majority of the school-age children had a low score in the KAP test. In knowledge of STH, 'stunted growth as a symptom of infection' was associated with a lower risk of Ascaris lumbricoides infection (OR 0.448; 95% CI 0.212, 0.945; P=0.035) while 'playing with soil as a mode of transmission' was associated with an increased risk of Ascaris lumbricoides infection (OR 2.067; 95% CI 1.014, 4.212; P=0.046). In attitude towards STH, 'I think I have intestinal worm now' was associated with a higher risk of Ascaris lumbricoides infection (OR 1.681; 95% CI 1.061, 2.662; P=0.027). Conclusions: The prevalence rate of Ascaris lumbricoides among the school-age children in the Cagayan Valley shows the need to further intensify intervention in the area to meet the threshold set by the World Health Organization. The identified predictors of infection, which concerns the school-age children's knowledge and attitude toward STH, can be used in augmenting intervention programs in the future.